Uyini i-Microcephaly? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Nokwelashwa

I-Microcephaly yisimo lapho ikhanda lomntwana limncane kakhulu kunokulindelekile ngokweminyaka yakhe nobulili. Lokhu kwenzeka uma ubuchopho bungakhula kahle ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma buyeke ukukhula ngemuva kokuzalwa.

Nakuba leli qiniso lingase libe nzima emindenini, ukuqonda ukuthi i-microcephaly isho ukuthini nokuthi yiluphi ukwesekwa okukhona kungakusiza ukuthi uhambe kule ndlela ngethemba eliningi nokuzola kwengqondo.

Uyini i-Microcephaly?

I-Microcephaly ivela uma ububanzi bekhanda lomntwana lingaphezu kwezilinganiso ezimbili ezihlukile kunesilinganiso sesigaba sabo senkathi. Cabanga ngakho njengobuningi bobuchopho obungafinyeleli ebukhoneni balo olukhulu ngesikhathi sokuthuthuka.

Lesi simo sithinta abantwana abangaba ngu-2 kuya ku-12 kwabayizi-10,000 abazalwayo emhlabeni jikelele. Ubunzima bungase buhluke kakhulu kusuka komntwana komunye, ngabanye abantwana ababhekene nemiphumela emincane kanti abanye bangase babe nezinselele ezinkulu zokuthuthuka.

Odokotela ngokuvamile baqonda i-microcephaly ngokulinganisa ububanzi bekhanda bese beliqhathanisa nezithombe zokukhula ezijwayelekile. Isimo singase sibe khona ngesikhathi sokuzalwa noma sithuthuke eminyakeni embalwa yokuqala yokuphila.

Ziyini Izimpawu ze-Microcephaly?

Isilwane esibonakalayo kakhulu se-microcephaly yikhanda elincane kunesilinganiso. Kodwa-ke, isimo sivame ukuba nezinye izimpawu abazali nabaphathi kufanele baziqaphele.

Izimpawu ezivamile ongaziqaphela zihlanganisa:

• Ikhanda elibonakala lincane ngokungalingani uma liqhathaniswa nomzimba
• Ibunzi eliqina eliguqa emuva
• Ukulibaziseka kokukhuluma nokuthuthukiswa kolwimi
• Ubunzima ngamakhono omoya njengokuhlala phansi, ukuqhwaqa, noma ukuhamba
• Izinkinga zokuxhumanisa nokulinganisela
• Ubuphengephenge bokuqonda ngezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene
• Ukuhlupheka kwezifo ezithile ezimweni ezithile

Izimpawu ezingavamile kodwa ezingase zibe khona zingase zihlanganise ukulahlekelwa kokuzwa, izinkinga zobuso, noma ubunzima bokudla. Abanye abantwana abane-microcephaly ephansi bangase babe nezimpawu ezincane futhi bathuthuke ngokulinganayo, kanti abanye bangase babhekane nezinselele ezinkulu.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi umntwana ngamunye uhlukile, futhi ukuba khona noma ubunzima bezimpawu akukhethi amandla noma ukubaluleka komntwana.

Ziyini Izinhlobo ze-Microcephaly?

I-Microcephaly ngokuvamile ihlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ngokusekelwe ekuthuthukeni kwayo. Ukuqonda le mihlangano kungakusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono isimo somntwana wakho.

I-microcephaly eyinhloko, ebizwa nangokuthi i-microcephaly yokuzalwa, ivela uma ubuchopho bungakhula kahle ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa. Lolu hlobo ngokuvamile lubangelwa izimbangela zezofu noma ukutheleleka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa.

I-microcephaly yesibili ithuthuka ngemuva kokuzalwa uma ukukhula kobuchopho kuhamba kancane noma kuyeke. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokutheleleka, ukulimala, noma ezinye izimo zezokwelapha ezithinta ukuthuthuka kobuchopho ebuntwaneni noma ebuntwaneni obuqalayo.

Odokotela bangase futhi bahlukanise i-microcephaly njengokuthi inamandla, ephakathi, noma ephansi ngokusekelwe ekuthini ikhanda lincane kangakanani uma liqhathaniswa nezinga elijwayelekile. Lolu hlobo lokuhlukanisa lusisiza ukuqondisa ukwelashwa nokulungiselela ukwesekwa.

Yini ebangela i-Microcephaly?

I-Microcephaly ingathuthuka ngenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukene eziphazamisa ukukhula okujwayelekile kobuchopho. Ukuqonda lezi zimbangela kungasiza ekuchazeni ukuthi kungani isimo senzeke, nakuba ngezinye izikhathi imbangela eqondile ingaziwa.

Izimbangela zezofu zibhekene nezimo eziningi futhi zihlanganisa:

• Ukuguqulwa kwezofu ezidluliselwa kubazali kubantwana
• Ukungahambisani kwe-chromosomal njenge-Down syndrome
• Izifo ezimbi zezofu ezithinta ukuthuthuka kobuchopho
• Ukuguqulwa okusha kwezofu okuvela ngokungalindelekile

Ukutheleleka ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kungase futhi kube yimbangela ye-microcephaly:

• Ukutheleleka yi-Zika virus, okuye kwaba nomthelela eminyakeni yamuva nje
• I-Cytomegalovirus (CMV), i-virus evamile engase ibe yingozi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• I-Toxoplasmosis evela ekudalweni ne-cat litter ebolele noma inyama engaphekwe kahle
• I-Rubella (i-German measles) uma umama engakaqondisiwe
• I-Herpes simplex virus ezimweni ezingavamile

Ezinye izinto ezingase zinikeze igalelo zihlanganisa ukungondli kahle okukhulu ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, ukudalwa nezinto eziyingozi njengotshwala noma izidakamizwa, noma izinkinga ngesikhathi sokuzalwa ezunciphisa i-oksijini ebuchosheni bomntwana.

Ezimeni eziningi, abahlinzeki bezempilo basebenza ngokucophelela ukuthola imbangela ehlala ngaphansi, njengoba lolu lwazi lungasiza ukuqondisa izinqumo zokwelashwa nezingxoxo zokuhlela umndeni.

Nini Okufanele Ubone Udokotela Ngo-Microcephaly?

Uma uqaphela ukuthi ikhanda lomntwana wakho libonakala lincane kunabanye abantwana abaseminyaka yakhe, kufanele ukuxoxe nodokotela wakho wezingane. Ukubhekwa kwasekuqaleni nokungenelela kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekuthuthukeni komntwana wakho.

Kufanele uhlele i-aphoyintimenti uma uqaphela ukulibaziseka kwezinto ezibalulekile njengokuhlala phansi, ukuhamba, noma ukukhuluma, ukuhlupheka kwezifo noma ukuhamba okungavamile, ubunzima bokudla, noma uma umntwana wakho ebonakala enenkinga yokubona noma ukuzwa kahle.

Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kwezingane ngokuvamile kuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa kobubanzi bekhanda, ngakho-ke udokotela wakho cishe uzobona noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka ngesikhathi sokuvakasha okujwayelekile. Kodwa-ke, themba izinzwa zakho njengomzali uma kukhona okubonakala kuhlukile ngokuthuthuka komntwana wakho.

Khumbula ukuthi ukufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha akusho ukuthi kukhona okuphosakele. Abahlinzeki bezempilo bakhona ukukusekela nokunikeza izimpendulo, ukuqinisekisa, noma ukunakekelwa okufanele njengoba kudingeka.

Ziyini Izinto Ezingase Zikhulise Ingozi Ye-Microcephaly?

Izinto ezithile zingase zikhulise amathuba okuba nomntwana onama-microcephaly. Ukuqaphela lezi zinto ezingase zikhulise ingozi kusiza ekuvimbeleni nasekulungiseleleni kwasekuqaleni, nakuba ukuba nezinto ezingase zikhulise ingozi akusho ukuthi isimo sizovele.

Izinto zikaMama ezingase zikhulise ingozi zihlanganisa:

• Ukutheleleka yi-Zika, i-CMV, noma ezinye izifo eziyingozi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• Ukuba nesifo sikashukela esingalawulwa kahle
• Ukondliwa okubi kakhulu noma ukunakekelwa okungafanele ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• Ukuphuza utshwala noma ukusebenzisa izidakamizwa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa
• Ukudalwa nezinto eziyingozi noma ukukhanya
• Ukuba nezinye izimo zezofu

Umlando womndeni nawo udlala indima, njengoba ezinye izinhlobo ze-microcephaly zidluliselwa emindenini. Iminyaka yokuqala yokuqala yokuqala nokulimala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ukuzalwa ngezinye izikhathi kungase kube yimbangela yokwanda kwengozi.

Abesifazane abaningi abanezi zinto ezingase zikhulise ingozi basenomntwana ophilile, ngakho-ke ukuba nezinto ezingase zikhulise ingozi akusho ukuthi i-microcephaly izovele. Ukunakekelwa okuhle ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokuphila impilo enempilo kungasiza ekuthuthukiseni lezi zingozi eziningi.

Ziyini Izinselele Ezingase Zibe Khona Ze-Microcephaly?

Abantwana abane-microcephaly bangase babhekane nezinselele ezihlukahlukene njengoba bekhula, nakuba ubunzima buhluka kakhulu kusuka komntwana komunye. Ukuqonda izinselele ezingase zibe khona kusiza imindeni ukuba ilulungiselele futhi ifune izinsizakalo zokwesekwa ezifanele.

Izinselele zokuthuthuka zingase zihlanganise:

• Ubuphengephenge bokuqonda kusuka ephansi kuya ebunzimeni
• Ukulibaziseka kokukhuluma nokuthuthukiswa kolwimi
• Izinkinga ngamakhono omoya nokuxhumanisa
• Ubunzima bokufunda ezindaweni zesikole
• Izinselele zokuziphatha nokuziphatha

Izinselele zezokwelapha ngezinye izikhathi zingase zenzeke:

• Izifo zokuthatha izidakamizwa ezingase zidinga ukwelashwa okuqhubekayo
• Izinkinga zobuso noma ukuzwa
• Ubunzima bokudla nokungondli kahle
• Ukuhlupheka kokulala
• Ukutholakala okukhulu kwezifo zokuphefumula

Nakuba lo luhlu lungase lubonakale lukhulu, abantwana abaningi abane-microcephaly baphila impilo ezele ngokugcwele ngokwesekwa okufanele nokunakekelwa. Izinsizakalo zokungenelela kwasekuqaleni, izinhlelo zokufundisa ezikhethekile, kanye nokwelashwa kwezokwelapha kungasiza ekulungiseni izinselele eziningi ngokuphumelelayo.

I-Microcephaly Ihlonishwa Kanjani?

Ukuqonda i-microcephaly kuhlanganisa ukulinganiswa okucophelelayo kanye ngezinye izikhathi ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuqonda imbangela ehlala ngaphansi. Inqubo ngokuvamile iqala ngokulinganiswa kobubanzi bekhanda okujwayelekile ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okujwayelekile.

Umhlinzeki wakho wezokwelapha uzolinganisa ububanzi bekhanda lomntwana wakho bese ubeka kuzithombe zokukhula ezijwayelekile. Uma ukulinganiswa kuhlala kuwela ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esilindelekile, ukubhekwa okwengeziwe kungase kunconywe.

Ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe kungase kuhlanganise izifundo zokubuka ubuchopho njenge-ultrasounds, i-CT scans, noma i-MRIs ukubuka ubuchopho. Izivivinyo zegazi zingase zibuke izimo zezofu noma ubufakazi bokutholakala. Ngezinye izikhathi ukwelulekwa kwezofu nokuhlolwa kusiza ekutholeni izimbangela ezidluliselwa.

Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, i-microcephaly ngezinye izikhathi ingatholakala ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound, ikakhulukazi ezigabeni zokugcina. Kodwa-ke, izimo ezincane zingase zingabonakali kuze kube ngemuva kokuzalwa.

Inqubo yokuxilonga ihlose ukunquma hhayi nje ukuthi i-microcephaly ikhona yini, kodwa futhi ukuthi yini engase iyibangele nokuthi ungayisekela kanjani kangcono ukuthuthuka komntwana wakho.

Uyini Ukwelashwa kwe-Microcephaly?

Okwamanje, ayikho imithi ye-microcephaly, kodwa izindlela zokwelapha ezihlukahlukene nezinsizakalo zingasiza abantwana ukuba bafinyelele amandla abo aphelele. Ukugxila kukusekeleni ukuthuthuka nokuphatha noma yiziphi izimpawu noma izinselele ezihambisana nazo.

Izinsizakalo zokungenelela kwasekuqaleni zenza isisekelo sokwelashwa futhi zingase zihlanganise:

• Ukuphathwa komzimba ukuthuthukisa amakhono omoya nokuxhumanisa
• Ukuphathwa komsebenzi ukukusiza ngamakhono okuphila kwansuku zonke
• Ukuphathwa kolwimi ukusekela ukuthuthukiswa kokukhuluma
• Izinsizakalo zokufundisa ezikhethekile ezilungiselelwe izidingo zomntwana wakho
• Ukuphathwa kokuziphatha ukulungisa izinselele zokuziphatha nokuziphatha

Izindlela zokwelapha zezokwelapha zigxile ekuphatheni izinselele:

• Imithi yokuthatha izidakamizwa uma umntwana wakho ethola isifo sokuhlupheka
• Ukwelashwa kwezinkinga zobuso noma ukuzwa
• Ukusekelwa kokondliwa ngenxa yobunzima bokudla
• Ukuqapha okujwayelekile nokunakekelwa okuvimbelayo

Iqembu lokwelapha ngokuvamile lihlanganisa odokotela bezingane, odokotela bezifo zobuchopho, ochwepheshe bokuthuthuka, abaphathi, nabafundisi abasebenza ndawonye. Lendlela yokubambisana iqinisekisa ukuthi umntwana wakho uthola ukunakekelwa okugcwele okubhekana nazo zonke izici zokuthuthuka kwakhe.

Unganakekela Kanjani Ekhaya Ngo-Microcephaly?

Ukudala indawo yasekhaya enesekelo kungathinta kakhulu ukuthuthuka komntwana wakho nekhwalithi yokuphila. Imisebenzi yansuku zonke nemikhuba iluthuluzi olukhulu lokuthuthukisa ukukhula nokufunda.

Gxila ekunikezeni ukukhuthazwa okuningi kokuzwa ngokufunda, ukucula, nokudlala ndawonye. Sebenzisa imikhuba eqondile esiza umntwana wakho ukuthi azizwe ekhululekile futhi azi ukuthi yini okulindelekile usuku lonke.

Sebenza eduze neqembu lokuphathwa lomntwana wakho ukufaka imisebenzi nemicimbi ecebiswayo empilweni yansuku zonke. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukwelula okuthile, imidlalo ekhuthaza amakhono omoya, noma izindlela zokukhuluma.

Qaphela izidingo zamandla zomntwana wakho, ugubhe izinhlanhla ezincane nokuthuthuka. Abanye abantwana bangadinga isikhathi esengeziwe sokudla, kanti abanye bangase bazuze emidlalweni noma imishini eguquliwe.

Ungakhohlwa ukunakekela wena namanye amalungu omndeni. Ukukhulisa umntwana onezidingo ezikhethekile kungaba umvuzo kodwa futhi kuyinselele, ngakho-ke ukufuna ukwesekwa komndeni, abangane, noma amaqembu wokwesekwa kubalulekile.

I-Microcephaly Ingavikeleka Kanjani?

Nakuba akuzona zonke izimo ze-microcephaly ezingavikeleka, izinyathelo ezithile ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa zinganciphisa ingozi. Ukunakekelwa okuhle ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa kanye nokuphila impilo enempilo kwenza umehluko omkhulu.

Izinyathelo zokuvimbela zihlanganisa ukwamukelwa kwe-rubella ngaphambi kokukhulelwa nokugwema ukuya ezindaweni lapho i-Zika virus itholakala khona. Sebenzisa ukuhlanzeka okuhle ukuvimbela ukutheleleka, ikakhulukazi eduze ne-cats (ingozi ye-toxoplasmosis) nabantwana abancane (ingozi ye-CMV).

Gcina impilo enempilo ngokugwema utshwala nezidakamizwa, ukudla ukudla okunomsoco okune-folic acid eyanele, ukuphatha izimo ezingalawuleki njengesifo sikashukela, nokuya kuwo wonke ama-aphoyintimenti okukhulelwa ukuqapha okujwayelekile.

Uma unomlando womndeni we-microcephaly noma izimo zezofu, cabanga ngokwelulekwa kwezofu ngaphambi kokukhulelwa. Lokhu kungakusiza ukuthi uqonde izingozi zakho futhi wenze izinqumo ezilwemi ngokuhlela umndeni.

Ukuthatha lezi zinyathelo akusho ukuthi kuvikelwe, kodwa kunciphisa kakhulu amathuba e-microcephaly nezinye izinselele eziningi zokukhulelwa.

Kufanele Uzilungiselele Kanjani I-Aphoyintimenti Yakho Yodokotela?

Ukuba ulungile ngama-aphoyintimenti ezempilo kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola ulwazi oluwusizo kakhulu nokusekelwa komntwana wakho. Ukulungiselela okuncane kungenza le mihlangano ibe yokuphumelela futhi ingabi nzima.

Ngaphambi kwe-aphoyintimenti yakho, bhala phansi imibuzo yakho nokukhathazeka kwakho ukuze ungakhohlwa lutho olubalulekile. Gcina irekhodi lezimpawu zomntwana wakho, ukuziphatha, noma izinto ezibalulekile zokuthuthuka oziqaphelayo.

Letha noma yiziphi izincwadi zezokwelapha zangaphambili, imiphumela yokuhlolwa, noma imibiko evela kwabanye abahlinzeki bezempilo noma abaphathi. Uma kungenzeka, letha uhlu lwemithi yanamuhla noma izongezo umntwana wakho azithathayo.

Cabanga ngokuletha ilungu lomndeni elinesekelo noma umngane ongakusiza ukuba ukhumbule ulwazi oluxoxiwe ngesikhathi se-aphoyintimenti. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuba nezinye izindlebe kubalulekile lapho uqonda ulwazi lwezokwelapha.

Ungangabazi ukucela incazelo uma ungaqondi lutho. Abahlinzeki bezempilo bafuna ukuqinisekisa ukuthi uyaqonda ngokugcwele isimo somntwana wakho kanye nezinketho zokwelapha.

Iyini Iphuzu Eliyinhloko Ngo-Microcephaly?

I-Microcephaly yisimo esithinta ukuthuthuka kobuchopho, esibangela ukuba ikhanda libe lincane kunesilinganiso kanye nezinselele zokuthuthuka ezingase zenzeke. Nakuba leli qiniso lingase libe nzima, abantwana abaningi abane-microcephaly baphila impilo ejulile, ezele ngokugcwele ngokwesekwa okufanele nokunakekelwa.

Ukungenelela kwasekuqaleni kanye nezinsizakalo zokuphathwa eziqhubekayo kungenza umehluko omkhulu ekusizeni abantwana ukuba bafinyelele amandla abo. Umuntwana ngamunye uhlukile, futhi ubunzima bezimpawu buhluka kakhulu kusuka komunye umuntu komunye.

Khumbula ukuthi awuwedwa kule ndlela. Amaqembu ezempilo, abaphathi, abafundisi, namaqembu wokwesekwa akhona ukukusiza wena nomntwana wakho ukuba niqonde izinselele futhi nigubhe izinhlanhla endleleni.

Ngothando, isineke, nokusekelwa okufanele, abantwana abane-microcephaly bangqhubeka nokufunda, ukukhula, nokuletha injabulo emindenini yabo nasemabandleni.

Imibuzo Evamile Ngo-Microcephaly

Ingabe abantwana abane-microcephaly bangaphila impilo evamile?

Abantwana abaningi abane-microcephaly bangaphila impilo ezele, nakuba okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo kungase kuhluke ekuthuthukeni okujwayelekile. Imiphumela ixhomeke ebunzimeni besimo nokuthi izinsizakalo zokungenelela kwasekuqaleni ziqala nini. Abanye abantwana abane-microcephaly ephansi bangase babe nemingcele emincane, kanti abanye bangase badinge ukwesekwa okwengeziwe ngemisebenzi yansuku zonke. Ngokunakekelwa okufanele, ukuphathwa, nokusekelwa komndeni, abantwana ngokuvamile bangadlula okulindelekile ekuqaleni futhi bathuthukise ubuhlobo nobuchwepheshe obunengqondo.

Ingabe i-microcephaly ihlala ihlotshaniswa nobuphengephenge bokuqonda?

Akuwona wonke umuntu, nakuba ubuphengephenge bokuqonda buvamile nge-microcephaly. Ubunzima bomthelela wobuchopho buhluka kakhulu ngokusekelwe ekuthini ukuthuthuka kobuchopho kuye kwathinteka kangakanani. Abanye abantwana bangase babe nobunzima bokufunda obuphansi, kanti abanye bangase babe nezinselele ezinkulu zokuqonda. Ukungenelela kwasekuqaleni nokusekelwa okuqhubekayo kungasiza abantwana ukuba bakhulise amakhono abo okuqonda kungakhathaliseki ukuthi baqala kuphi.

Ingabe i-microcephaly ingatholakala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa?

Ngezinye izikhathi i-microcephaly ingatholakala ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ngokusebenzisa ukuhlolwa kwe-ultrasound, ngokuvamile ezigabeni zesibili noma zesithathu. Kodwa-ke, izimo ezincane zingase zingabonakali kuze kube ngemuva kokuzalwa noma kamuva ebuntwaneni. Ikhono lokuyithola ngaphambi kokuzalwa lixhomeke ebunzimeni nasekuthini isimo sithuthuka nini. Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kokukhulelwa kuhlanganisa ukuqapha ukukhula komntwana, kuhlanganise nobukhulu bekhanda.

Ingabe umntwana wami onama-microcephaly uzobe ekwazi ukuya esikoleni esivamile?

Ukufakwa kwemfundo kuxhomeke emakhonweni nezidingo zomntwana wakho. Abanye abantwana abane-microcephaly ephansi bangase baye emakilasini avamile ngokusekelwa okuncane, kanti abanye bazuze izinsizakalo zokufundisa ezikhethekile noma izikole ezikhethekile. Okubalulekile ukuthola indawo efanele yokufunda ephikisana nomntwana wakho ngendlela efanele ngenkathi inikeza ukwesekwa okudingekayo. Izikole eziningi zinikeza izinketho ezihlukahlukene zokulungisa ukusiza abantwana ukuba baphile.

Ziyini izinsizakalo zokwesekwa ezikhona emindenini ethintekile yi-microcephaly?

Kukhona izinsizakalo eziningi zokwesekwa ezikhona ukusiza imindeni ukuba iqonde i-microcephaly. Izinhlelo zokungenelela kwasekuqaleni zinikeza izinsizakalo zokuphathwa kubantwana abasebancane. Izinsizakalo zokufundisa ezikhethekile zisekela abantwana abasebancane. Imiphakathi eminingi inamaqembu wokwesekwa lapho imindeni ingaxhumana khona nabanye ababhekene nezinselele ezifanayo. Amaqembu ezempilo, abasebenzi bezenhlalakahle, nabaphathi bezimo bangasiza ekuhlanganiseni izinsizakalo nokunikeza izinsiza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinhlangano eziningi ezingenzi nzuzo zinikeza ulwazi, ukubhikisha, kanye nezinhlelo zokusiza ngezimali.