Pneumonia

Iningi le-pneumonia liqala lapho ukuwohloka kwezindlela zokuzivimbela zomzimba wakho kuvumela izimbungulu ukuba zingene futhi zande emaphaphweni akho. Ukuqothula izinto ezihlaselayo, amangqamuzana omhlophe egazi aqoqana ngokushesha. Kanye nebhaktheriya nama-fungi, agcwalisa izikhwama zomoya emaphaphweni akho (alveoli). Ukuphefumula kungase kube nzima. Uphawu oluqhelekile lwe-pneumonia yebhaktheriya ukukhokha okukhipha i-sputum ebukhulu, ebomvu noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ene-pus.

IPneumonia ukutheleleka okuvuvukisa izikhwama zomoya kwenye noma kuzo zombili iziphuphu. Izikhwama zomoya zingagcwaliswa yi-fluid noma i-pus (izinto ezi-purulent), okubangela ukukhokha nge-phlegm noma i-pus, ukushisa, ukuthandaza, nobunzima bokuqeda. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, kufaka phakathi ibhaktheriya, ama-virus nama-fungi, zingabangela i-pneumonia.

IPneumonia ingaba nzima kusukela ekuthambile kuya kokusongela impilo. Iyinkulu kakhulu kubantwana abasebancane nabancane, abantu abadala kuno-65, nabantu abanezinkinga zempilo noma abanasistimu yokuzivimbela ebuthakathaka.

Dala uhlelo lwakho lokugoma oluqondene nawe.

Izimpawu nezimpawu ze-pneumonia ziyahlukahluka kusuka kokulingene kuya kokukhulu, kuye ngezinto ezinjengohlobo lwe-germ ebangela ukutheleleka, nobudala bakho nempilo yakho jikelele. Izimpawu nezimpawu ezilingene zivame ukufana nalezo zefriji noma isifo sikagciwane, kepha zihlala isikhathi eside. Izimpawu nezimpawu ze-pneumonia zingafaka:

• Ubuhlungu esifubeni uma uphefumula noma ukhwehlela
• Ukuphazamiseka noma ukushintsha ekuqapheleni kwengqondo (kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala)
• Ukukhwehlela, okungahle kukhiqize i-phlegm
• Ukukhathala
• Ukuqhuma, ukushisa nokudandatheka
• Ukushisa komzimba okuphansi kunokujwayelekile (kubantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala nabantu abanesistimu yokuthola amandla ebuthakathaka)
• Ukuphefumula kancane Izingane ezisanda kuzalwa nezingane zingase zingabonisi lutho olukhulu lokutheleleka. Noma zingase zikhahlele, zibe nomkhuhlane futhi zikhwehlele, zibonakale zingenakuthula noma zikhathele futhi zingabi namandla, noma zibe nobunzima bokuqeda nokuphuza. Bona udokotela wakho uma unebunzima bokuqeda, ubuhlungu esifubeni, ukushisa okuqhubekayo kwama-102 F (39 C) noma ngaphezulu, noma ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo, ikakhulukazi uma ukhwehlela i-pus. Kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi abantu kulabo bantu abasemaqenjini ayingozi kakhulu babone udokotela:
• Abantu abadala abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-65 ubudala
• Izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kweminyaka engu-2 ngezimpawu nezimpawu
• Abantu abanesimo sempilo esingaphansi noma isimiso sokuvikela esibuthakathaka Kubantu abadala abakhulu kanye nabantu abanehluleko lenhliziyo noma izinkinga zephunga ezingapheli, i-pneumonia ingaba yisimo esiyingozi ngokushesha.

Ama-germ amaningi angabangela i-pneumonia. Ama-germ avamile kakhulu yi-bacteria ne-virus ezimoyeni esiphefumula zona. Umuthi wakho ngokuvamile uvikela la ma-germ ukuba angangenisi imiphunga yakho. Kodwa ngezinye izikhathi la ma-germ anganqoba uhlelo lwakho lokulwa nezifo, ngisho noma impilo yakho ilungile ngokujwayelekile.

i-Pneumonia ihlelwa ngokwezinhlobo zama-germ aziyimbangela nendawo lapho uthole khona ukutheleleka.

i-Pneumonia etholakala emphakathini uhlobo oluvamile kakhulu lwe-pneumonia. Kwenzeka ngaphandle kwamahospitali noma ezinye izindawo zokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Kungabangelwa yi:

• IBacteria. Imbangela evamile kakhulu ye-pneumonia ye-bacterial e-U.S. yi-Streptococcus pneumoniae. Lolu hlobo lwe-pneumonia lungaba khona ngokwalo noma ngemva kokuba ube ne-cold noma i-flu. Kungathinta ingxenye eyodwa (i-lobe) yephunga, isimo esibizwa nge-pneumonia ye-lobar.
• Izidalwa ezifana ne-bacteria. I-Mycoplasma pneumoniae nayo ingabangela i-pneumonia. Ngokuvamile ikhiqiza izimpawu ezilula kunamanye ama-pneumonia. I-Walking pneumonia igama elingekho emthethweni elinikezwe lolu hlobo lwe-pneumonia, oluvamile lungabi sibi kangangokuba kudingeke ukuphumula embhedeni.
• Ama-fungi. Lolu hlobo lwe-pneumonia luvame kakhulu kubantu abanezinhlungu zempilo ezingapheli noma uhlelo lokulwa nezifo olubuthakathaka, nakubantu abaphefumule izilinganiso ezinkulu zezidalwa. Ama-fungi aziyimbangela angatholakala emhlabathini noma emathunjini ezinyoni futhi ahluka kuye ngendawo.
• Ama-virus, kuhlanganise ne-COVID-19. Amanye ama-virus abangela ama-cold ne-flu angabangela i-pneumonia. Ama-virus yimbangela evamile kakhulu ye-pneumonia kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-5. I-pneumonia ye-viral ngokuvamile ilula. Kodwa kwezinye izimo ingaba sibi kakhulu. I-Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) ingabangela i-pneumonia, engaba sibi kakhulu.

Abanye abantu bathola i-pneumonia ngesikhathi sokuhlala esibhedlela ngenxa yesifo esinye. I-pneumonia etholakala esibhedlela ingaba sibi ngoba i-bacteria eyimbangela ingaba nokumelana okukhulu nama-antibiotic futhi ngoba abantu abayitholayo sebegulisiwe kakade. Abantu abasebenzisa imishini yokuphefumula (ama-ventilator), evame ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni zokunakekelwa okuqondene, baphazanyiswa kakhulu yilolu hlobo lwe-pneumonia.

i-Pneumonia etholakala ekunakekelweni kwezempilo ukutheleleka kwe-bacterial okuvela kubantu abahlala ezindaweni zokunakekelwa kwesikhathi eside noma abathola ukunakekelwa ezikhungweni zokwelapha ezingaphandle, kuhlanganise namakheli okuhlanza igazi. Njenge-pneumonia etholakala esibhedlela, i-pneumonia etholakala ekunakekelweni kwezempilo ingabangelwa yi-bacteria enokuqina okukhulu kuma-antibiotic.

i-Pneumonia ye-Aspiration kwenzeka lapho uphefumula ukudla, isiphuzo, ukugabha noma umalulelo emaphaphwini akho. Ukuphefumula kunokwenzeka kakhulu uma kukhona okuhlukumeza i-gag reflex yakho evamile, njengokulimala kwengqondo noma inkinga yokugwinya, noma ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kokutshwala noma izidakamizwa.

I-pneumonia ingathinta noma ubani. Kodwa amaqembu amabili ezineminyaka elikhulu kakhulu engozini yiwo: Abantwana abaneminyaka emibili ubudala noma ngaphansi Kwabantu abaneminyaka engama-65 noma ngaphezulu Ezinye izimbangela zingozi zihlanganisa: Ukulaliswa esibhedlela. Usesengozini enkulu yokuthola i-pneumonia uma usesibhedlela esigabeni sokunakekelwa okuqakathekile, ikakhulu uma usebenzisa umshini okusisiza ukuphefumula (umoya). Isikhathi eside. Cishe uzothola i-pneumonia uma unayo i-asthma, isifo sokuphefumula esiqinile (i-COPD) noma isifo senhliziyo. Ukubhema. Ukubhema konakalisa ukuvikela kwemvelo komzimba wakho kubhaktheriya nezinambuzane ezingabangela i-pneumonia. Isistimu yokutholakala ebuthakathaka noma ecindezelwe. Abantu abanayo i-HIV / AIDS, abaye bathola ukuhlinzwa komzimba, noma abamukela i-chemotherapy noma ama-steroids isikhathi eside baphazanyiswa.

Ngisho noma kunokwelashwa, abanye abantu abane-pneumonia, ikakhulu labo abasemaqenjini ayingozi, bangaba nezinkinga, okuhlanganisa:

• Iintsholongwane egazini (bacteremia). Iintsholongwane ezifaka egazini zivela emaphashini akho zingasakaza ukutheleleka kwamanye amalungu omzimba, okungenzeka kube yimbangela yokwehluleka kwamalungu.
• Ukuphefumula okuyinselele. Uma i-pneumonia yakho isimo esibi noma unezifo ezingapheli zephunga, ungase ube nezinkinga zokuphefumula okwanele komoya. Ungase udinge ukungena esibhedlela futhi usebenzise umshini wokuphefumula (umoya) ngesikhathi iphunga lakho liphilisa.
• Ukubuthana kwamanzi eduze kwamaphaphu (pleural effusion). I-pneumonia ingabangela ukubuthana kwamanzi endaweni encane phakathi kwezendlalelo zethusi ezihlanganisa amaphaphu kanye nomkhumbi wesifuba (pleura). Uma amanzi etheleleka, ungase udinge ukuba akhiphe ngomgudu wesifuba noma asuswe ngokuhlinzwa.
• Ukuqhuma kwamaphaphu. Ukuqhuma kwenzeka uma i-pus yenza umgodi ephusheni. Ukuqhuma kuvame ukwelashwa ngama-antibiotics. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuhlinzwa noma ukukhipha ngenhlanzi ende noma umgudu ofakwe ekuqhumeni kuyadingeka ukususa i-pus.

Ukuvimbela ukutheleleka kwe-pneumonia:

• Thatha i-vaccine. I-vaccines iyatholakala ukuvimbela ezinye izinhlobo ze-pneumonia kanye ne-influenza. Xoxa nodokotela wakho mayelana nokuthatha lezi zithombe. Imihlahlandlela yokugonywa ishintshile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngakho qiniseka ukuthi uhlola isimo sakho sokugonywa nodokotela wakho ngisho noma ukhumbula ukuthi uthole i-vaccine ye-pneumonia ngaphambili.
• Qiniseka ukuthi abantwana bathatha i-vaccine. Odokotela bancoma i-vaccine ehlukile ye-pneumonia kubantwana abaneminyaka engaphansi kwengu-2 kanye nabantwana abaneminyaka eyi-2 kuya kweyi-5 abanengozi enkulu yesifo se-pneumococcal. Abantwana abahamba e-creche kufanele futhi bathole i-vaccine. Odokotela bancoma futhi i-flu shots kubantwana abadala kuneenyanga eziyi-6.
• Sebenzisa ukuhlanzeka okuhle. Ukuzivikela ekutholakaleni kwezifo zokuphefumula ezibangela i-pneumonia, geza izandla zakho njalo noma usebenzise i-hand sanitizer ene-alcohol.
• Ungabhemi. Ukubhema konakalisa ukuvikela kwemvelo kwamaphaphu akho ekutholakaleni kwezifo zokuphefumula.
• Gcina i-immune system yakho iqinile. Thola ukulala okwanele, qeqesha njalo futhi udle ukudla okunempilo.

Le X-ray yesifuba leli libonisa indawo yokuvuvukala kwemiphunga ebonisa ukuba kukhona i-pneumonia.

Udokotela wakho uzoqala ngokubuza ngomlando wakho wezokwelapha nokwenza ukuhlolwa komzimba, okuhlanganisa nokulalela amaphaphu akho nge-stethoscope ukuhlola imisindo engavamile yokuqhuma noma yokuqhekeka ebonisa i-pneumonia.

Uma kukhona ukungabaza nge-pneumonia, udokotela wakho angakuncoma ukuhlolwa okulandelayo:

• Ukuhlolwa kwegazi. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi kusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukutheleleka nokuzama ukubona uhlobo lomzimba obangela ukutheleleka. Noma kunjalo, ukuqonda okuqondile akuhlali kunokwenzeka.
• I-X-ray yesifuba. Lokhu kusiza udokotela wakho ukuthi aqonde i-pneumonia futhi aqonde ubukhulu nendawo yokutheleleka. Noma kunjalo, ngeke ikwazi ukutshela udokotela wakho ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo lwe-germ ebangela i-pneumonia.
• I-Pulse oximetry. Lokhu lilinganisa amazinga oksijini egazini lakho. I-pneumonia ingavimbela amaphaphu akho ekungeniseni oksijini eyanele egazini lakho.
• Ukuhlolwa kwe-sputum. Isibonelo se-fluid evela emaphaphwini akho (i-sputum) sithathwa ngemva kokukhokha okujulile futhi sihlolwe ukuze kusize ekutholeni imbangela yokutheleleka.

Udokotela wakho angase ayalele ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe uma ungaphezu kweminyaka engama-65, ukwelapheka esibhedlela, noma unezimpawu ezinkulu noma izimo zempilo. Lokhu kungafaka:

• I-CT scan. Uma i-pneumonia yakho ingapheli ngokushesha njengoba kulindelekile, udokotela wakho angase akuncome i-chest CT scan ukuze uthole isithombe esicacile samaphaphu akho.
• I-Pleural fluid culture. Isibonelo se-fluid sithathwa ngokubeka unhlangothi phakathi kwamaphaphu akho endaweni ye-pleural futhi sihlolwe ukuze kusize ekuqondeni uhlobo lokutheleleka.

Yenza uhlelo lwakho lokugoma oluqondene nawe.