Uyini i-Retinoblastoma? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Nokwelapha

Uyini uretinoblastoma?

I-Retinoblastoma uhlobo oluyimfihlo lomdlavuza wamehlo ophuhliswa e-retina, inyama ezwelayo ekukhanyeni ngemuva kwamehlo akho. Lo mdlavuza uhlala uthinta abantwana abancane, kanti izincazelo eziningi zitholakala ngaphambi kweminyaka emi-5.

Cabanga nge-retina njengofilimu yekhamera yamehlo akho. Uma amaseli kule ndawo ekhula ngokungavamile, angakha ama-tumors ahlupha ukubona. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi i-retinoblastoma iyaphiliswa uma itholakala ngokushesha, futhi abantwana abaningi baphila impilo evamile ngokuphelele.

Lo mdlavuza ungathinta iliso elilodwa noma womabili amehlo. Uma kwenzeka kuwomabili amehlo, ngokuvamile uba khona kusukela ekuzalweni ngenxa yezizathu ze-genetic. Izincazelo ze-single-eye zivame ukuphuka kamuva futhi ngokuvamile azidluliselwa.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-retinoblastoma?

Isici esivame ukubona abazali yilokho okukhanya okumhlophe noma ukubonakala okungavamile emehlweni engane yabo, ikakhulukazi ezithombeni ezithathwe nge-flash. Lokhu kubonakala kwesithombe esimhlophe, okuthiwa yi-leukocoria, kubonakala esikhundleni sokubonakala okujwayelekile okubomvu kwamehlo.

Nawa ama-symptom abalulekile okumelwe uwabheke:

• Ukukhanya okumhlophe esithombeni, ikakhulukazi kubonakala ezithombeni ze-flash
• Amehlo angahambi ndawonye noma abonakala ehambahambayo (strabismus)
• Ubomvu noma ukukhula ngokweqile emehlweni
• Izinkinga zokubona noma ukukhononda ngokungaboni kahle
• Ubuhlungu lwamehlo, nakuba lokhu kungavamile ezigabeni zokuqala

Abanye abantwana bangase babe nezinguquko ezincane njengokukhala okwandayo noma ukusabela ekukhanyeni. Kwezinye izikhathi, i-tumor ingakhula ibe khulu kangangokuthi iliso libonakale likhulu kunokujwayelekile.

Khumbula ukuthi izimpawu eziningi zingaba nezinye izimbangela ezingathí sína. Noma kunjalo, noma yiziphi izinguquko eziqhubekayo emehlweni engane yakho kufanele zibuyekezwe ngokushesha ngudokotela wakho noma uchwepheshe wamehlo.

Yini ebangela i-retinoblastoma?

I-Retinoblastoma kwenzeka uma amaseli e-retina ehlanganisa izinguquko ze-genetic ezibangela ukukhula okungapheli. Lezi zinguquko zenzeka ku-gene okuthiwa yi-RB1, evame ukusiza ukulawula ukukhula kwamaseli.

Cishe ama-40% ezimo ayizefa, okusho ukuthi i-genetic change idluliselwa kubazali. Abantwana abane-retinoblastoma yefa ngokuvamile bathuthukisa ama-tumors kuwomabili amehlo futhi basengozini yeminye imidlavuza kamuva ekuphileni.

I-60% esele yezimo ayiyona yefa, okusho ukuthi i-genetic change kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe phakathi nokuthuthukiswa kokuqala. Laba bantwana ngokuvamile baba nama-tumors kulolu hlobo lwamehlo kuphela futhi abawudluliseli lo mqondo kubantwana babo.

Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi abazali abayibangeli le ndlavuza nganoma yini abayenzile noma abangayenzanga. I-genetic changes eholela e-retinoblastoma kwenzeka ngokwemvelo futhi ayikwazi ukugwenywa.

Kufanele ubona nini udokotela ngezinkinga ze-retinoblastoma?

Kufanele uxhumane nodokotela wengane yakho ngokushesha uma ubona ukukhanya okumhlophe noma ukubonakala okungavamile emehlweni engane yakho, ikakhulukazi uma kubonakala njalo ezithombeni. Lesi simo sidinga ukuhlolwa okusheshayo.

Hlela i-appointment phakathi nezinsuku ezimbalwa uma ingane yakho ithuthukisa amehlo aphambene, izinkinga zokubona, noma ubomvu lwamehlo oluqhubekayo olungathuthuki. Nakuba lezi zimpawu zivame ukuba nezimbangela ezinhle, ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olukhulu olulahlekile.

Ungalindi ukubona uma izimpawu ziphucuka zodwa. I-Retinoblastoma ikhula ngokushesha, futhi ukutholakala okusheshayo kuthuthukisa kakhulu imiphumela yokwelapha futhi kulondoloza ukubona.

Uma unomlando womndeni we-retinoblastoma, xoxa ngokwelulekwa kwe-genetic nokubukwa kwamehlo okuvamile nodokotela wakho, ngisho noma ingane yakho ayinazo izimpawu.

Ziyini izinto ezingaba yingozi ze-retinoblastoma?

Into enkulu kakhulu eyingozi ukuba nomzali noma umfowethu noma udadewabo onere-retinoblastoma. Abantwana abanomuntu womndeni otholwe banesihloko esikhulu kakhulu sokuthuthukisa lo mdlavuza.

Nawa ama-risk factor aphambili:

• Umlando womndeni we-retinoblastoma
• Ukuba ne-hereditary form ye-RB1 gene mutation
• Ubudala obuphansi, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kweminyaka emi-2
• Ukuphathwa kwangaphambili kwe-retinoblastoma yefa (kwandisa ingozi yeminye imidlavuza)

Abantwana abaningi abathuthukisa i-retinoblastoma abanalo umlando womndeni wale meko. Ubudala yinto ebaluleke kakhulu, njengoba lo mdlavuza uhlala uthinta abantwana abancane kakhulu.

Ngokungafani nemidlavuza eminingi yabantu abadala, izinto zokuphila azithinti ingozi ye-retinoblastoma. Akukho lutho abazali abangakwenza ukuvimba noma ukubangela le meko.

Ziyini izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona ze-retinoblastoma?

Uma kutholakala futhi kuphathwa ngokushesha, abantwana abaningi abane-retinoblastoma bagwema izinhlanganisela ezinkulu. Noma kunjalo, ukwelashwa okulile kungadala ukulahleka kokubona noma izinkinga ezinkulu.

Izinhlanganisela ezingaba khona zihlanganisa:

• Ukulahleka kokubona okuphelele noma okuphelele emehlweni athintekayo
• I-Glaucoma (ukwanda kokucindezela emehlweni)
• Ukubhebhetheka komdlavuza kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba
• Isidingo sokususa iliso ukuvimba ukubhebhetheka komdlavuza
• Ukuthuthukiswa kweminye imidlavuza kamuva ekuphileni (izimo ze-hereditary)

Abantwana abane-retinoblastoma yefa banengozi enkulu yokuthuthukisa eminye imidlavuza, ikakhulukazi imidlavuza yamathambo nama-sarcomas ethishu ebushelelezi, njengoba bekhula. Kungakho ukunakekelwa okuqhubekayo kubalulekile.

Ithonya lengqondo emindenini lingase libe likhulu. Abantwana abaningi nabazali bazuza ekuqeqeshweni nasemaqenjini wokusekela ukuze basize ukubhekana nokuxilongwa nokwelashwa.

I-Retinoblastoma ihlonishwa kanjani?

Ukuxilongwa ngokuvamile kuqala ngokuhlolwa kwamehlo okuphelele ngudokotela wamehlo oqeqeshwe ezimweni zabantwana. Udokotela uzokwandisa izithombe zengane yakho ukuze uthole umbono ocacile we-retina.

Phakathi kokuhlolwa, ingane yakho ingase idinge ukulaliswa noma inikezwe i-anesthesia jikelele ukuze ihlale ithobekile. Lokhu kuvumela udokotela ukuthi ahlole amehlo womabili ngokuphelele futhi athathe izithombe eziningi zezindawo ezingavamile.

Izivivinyo ezengeziwe zingase zihlanganise i-ultrasound yamehlo, i-MRI scans ukuhlola uma umdlavuza usakaze, kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-genetic ukuze kunqunywe uma isimo silifa. Izivivinyo zegazi zingakwazi ukubona abantwana abaphethe i-genetic mutation.

Yonke inqubo yokuxilongwa ngokuvamile ithatha izinsuku ezimbalwa ukuze iqede. Iqembu lakho lezokwelapha lizochaza yonke inyathelo futhi likusize uqonde ukuthi imiphumela isho ukuthini eceleni lokwelapha lengane yakho.

Uyini ukwelashwa kwe-retinoblastoma?

Ukwelashwa kuncike ebukhoneni be-tumor, indawo, nokuthi kuthinta yini iliso elilodwa noma womabili. Izinjongo eziyinhloko ukusindisa impilo yengane yakho, ukulondoloza iliso uma kungenzeka, nokugcina ukubona okuningi ngangokunokwenzeka.

Izinketho zokwelapha ezivamile zihlanganisa:

• I-Chemotherapy ukunciphisa ama-tumors ngaphambi kokwelashwa okunye
• I-Laser therapy noma i-cryotherapy ukubhubhisa ama-tumors amancane
• I-Radiation therapy yama-tumors amakhulu
• Ukususwa kwe-surgical kweliso (enucleation) ezimweni ezinkulu
• I-Intraocular injections yama-chemotherapy drugs

Abantwana abaningi bathola ukwelashwa okuhlanganisiwe okulungiselelwe isimo sabo esithile. Isibonelo, i-chemotherapy inganciphisa i-tumor enkulu ngokwanele ukuze i-laser therapy ibe isuka iyichitha ngokuphelele.

Ukwelashwa ngokuvamile kuhlala izinyanga eziningi futhi kudinga ukuvakasha okuvamile kokulandelela. Iqembu lezokwelapha lengane yakho lizohlola intuthuko eduze futhi lilungise uhlelo lokwelapha uma kudingeka.

Unganikeza kanjani ukunakekelwa kwasekhaya phakathi kokwelashwa kwe-retinoblastoma?

Umsebenzi wakho oyinhloko ekhaya ukugcina ingane yakho iduduzekile futhi ugcine izindlela ezijwayelekile ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukwelashwa kungakhathaza, ngakho ukuphumula okwengeziwe nemisebenzi ezolile isebenza kangcono.

Bheka izimpawu zokutheleleka njengobushushu, ubomvu obukhulu, noma ukukhishwa kweliso eliphatekile. Xhumana neqembu lakho lezokwelapha ngokushesha uma ubona lezi zimpawu noma uma ingane yakho ibonakala ingaphili kahle.

Vivikele ingane yakho ekwenzeni izinto ezingalindelekile nasekulimala kwamehlo phakathi kokwelashwa. Gwema ukudlala okunzima futhi cabanga ngokusebenzisa i-eyewear evikela phakathi kwemisebenzi. Gcina iliso eliphatekile lihlanzekile ngokuvumelana nemiyalo yodokotela wakho.

Gcina izikhathi zokudla ezijwayelekile futhi unikeze ukudla okuthandayo uma ingane yakho izizwa iphilile ngokwanele ukudla. Ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingathinta ukudla, ngakho gxila ezintweni ezondlayo uma belambile.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani i-appointment yakho yodokotela?

Bhala phansi yonke imibuzo yakho ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngasinye, kuhlanganise ukukhathazeka ngemiphumela ebiyelayo yokwelashwa, umbono wesikhathi eside, nemiyalo yokunakekelwa kwansuku zonke. Ungakhathazeki ngokubuza imibuzo eminingi kakhulu.

Letha uhlu lwawo wonke ama-medication ingane yakho ewathatha, kuhlanganise nezinto ezingaphezu kokuthengiswa kanye nezinhlanganisela. Letha futhi noma yiziphi izithombe zakamuva ezibonisa ukubonakala kwesithombe esimhlophe uma lokho okuholele ekuhambeni kwakho.

Cabanga ngokuletha omunye umuntu omdala e-appointments, ikakhulukazi uma uxoxa ngezinketho zokwelapha. Ukuba nokusekela kukusiza ukuba ukhumbule ulwazi olubalulekile futhi kunikeze induduzo yengqondo phakathi kokukhuluma okunzima.

Lungiselela ingane yakho ngokufanele ngokweminyaka yokuya ekuvakasheni kwezokwelapha. Izinkulumo ezilula mayelana nokuthi “o dokotela basiza amehlo akho azizwe kahle” zisebenza kahle kubantwana abancane.

Iyini into ebalulekile mayelana ne-retinoblastoma?

I-Retinoblastoma umdlavuza obalulekile kodwa ophatheka kalula wabantwana uma utholakala ngokushesha. Ukukhanya okumhlophe okungavamile emehlweni engane yakho, ikakhulukazi kubonakala ezithombeni ze-flash, yisibonakaliso esibalulekile sokuqapha.

Izinga lokuphila eliphumelelayo lihle kakhulu, ngaphezu kwama-95% abantwana abaphila uma umdlavuza ungakaze usakaze ngaphandle kweliso. Abantwana abaningi balondoloza ukubona okuhle okungenani kulolu hlobo lwamehlo futhi baphila impilo evamile ngokuphelele.

Themba intuthuko yakho njengomzali. Uma kukhona okuhlukile noma okukhathazayo ngamehlo engane yakho, ungangabazi ukufuna ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha. Ukutholakala okusheshayo kwenza umehluko omkhulu ekuphumeni kokwelapha.

Khumbula ukuthi awuwedwa kule ndlela. Iqembu lakho lezokwelapha, umndeni, nezinhlangano zokusekela zikhona ukuze zikusize ukuphatha ukwelashwa nokubuyela esimweni esijwayelekile ngempumelelo.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana ne-retinoblastoma

Ingavimbeka yini i-retinoblastoma?

Cha, i-retinoblastoma ayikwazi ukugwenywa ngoba ivela e-genetic changes ezenzeka ngokwemvelo. Noma kunjalo, uma unomlando womndeni we-retinoblastoma, ukwelulekwa kwe-genetic kungakusiza uqonde izingozi futhi uhlele ukubukwa okufanele kwabantwana bakho. Ukuhlolwa kwamehlo okuvamile kungasiza ukuthola umdlavuza ngokushesha lapho ukwelashwa kuphelele kakhulu.

Ingane yami iyokwazi ukubona ngokujwayelekile ngemuva kokwelashwa?

Imiphumela yokubona ixhomeke ezintweni eziningi, kuhlanganise ubukhulu be-tumor, indawo, nezindlela zokwelapha ezidingekayo. Abantwana abaningi balondoloza ukubona okuhle okungenani kulolu hlobo lwamehlo. Ngisho noma ukubona kuthinteka, abantwana bazivumelanisa kahle futhi bangabamba iqhaza ezintweni eziningi ezijwayelekile. Uchwepheshe wakho wamehlo uzoqonda amathemba angenangqondo ngokususelwa esimweni esithile sengane yakho.

Ingabe i-retinoblastoma iyadluliseka noma ibangelwa yinto engiyenzile?

I-Retinoblastoma ayidluliseki futhi ayikwazi ukusakazeka komunye umuntu kuya komunye. Ayibangelwa yinto abazali abayenzayo noma abangayenzi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ukunakekelwa kwengane. I-genetic changes ebangela i-retinoblastoma kwenzeka ngokungahleliwe ezimweni eziningi. Abazali akufanele bazisole ngokuxilongwa kwengane yabo.

Ingane yami izodinga kanjani ukunakekelwa kokulandelela?

Izinhlelo zokulandelela zihlukahluka ngokususelwa ekuphumeni kwengane yakho nokuthi banalo yini uhlobo lwe-hereditary. Ekuqaleni, ukuvakasha kungaba nyanga zonke noma njalo ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Njengoba isikhathi sihamba futhi ingane yakho ihlala ingenamdlavuza, ukuvakasha ngokuvamile kuba kancane. Abantwana abane-retinoblastoma yefa badinga ukulandelela impilo yonke ngoba banengozi enkulu yeminye imidlavuza.

Kufanele ngitshengise abantwana bami abanye ngokuxilongwa komfowabo noma udadewabo?

Ukwethembeka okufanele iminyaka isebenza kangcono. Abantwana abancane badinga izinkulumo ezilula njengokuthi “umfowenu/udadewenu unamaseli ashayayo emehlweni akhe adokotela abasiza ukuba aphume.

Abantwana abadala bangakuqonda kangcono ulwazi. Qinisekisa bonke abantwana bakho ukuthi i-retinoblastoma ayidluliseki nokuthi iqembu lezokwelapha lisebenza kanzima ukusisiza. Cabanga ngokubandakanya umqeqeshi oqeqeshwe ekusizeni imindeni ukubhekana nomdlavuza wabantwana.