Ukuthi yini i-SARS? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Nokwelashwa

I-SARS imelela i-Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, ukutheleleka okukhulu okuyimithi okuthinta ikakhulukazi amaphaphu akho nesistimu yokuphefumula. Lesi sifo esithathelwanayo sivele ngo-2003 futhi sasakazeka ngokushesha emazweni amaningana ngaphambi kokuba siqediwe ngemizamo yezempilo emhlabeni jikelele.

Nakuba i-SARS ingase izwakale iyesabekayo, ukuqonda ukuthi iyini nokuthi isebenza kanjani kungakusiza uzizwe unolwazi futhi ulungile. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi azikho izimo ze-SARS ezibikiwe emhlabeni jikelele kusukela ngo-2004, okwenza kube yinto engavamile kakhulu namuhla.

Iyini i-SARS?

I-SARS yisifo sokuphefumula esibangelwa yi-coronavirus ebizwa nge-SARS-CoV. Leli vithamini lihlasela isistimu yakho yokuphefumula, liqale ngezimpawu ezifana ne-influenza futhi lingase liqhubekele ebunzimeni obukhulu bokuphefumula.

Lesi simo sathola igama labo ngoba singabangela izinkinga ezinzima, noma eziphuthumayo, emaphaphwini akho. Uma umuntu enesifo se-SARS, isistimu yakhe yokuzikhusela yomzimba iphendula ngamandla ukulwa ne-virus, kodwa le nqubo ngezinye izikhathi ingenza ukuphefumula kube nzima.

I-SARS isakazeka ikakhulukazi ngamaconsi okuphefumula lapho umuntu othelelekile ekhwehlela noma ethikiza. Ungayithola futhi ngokuthinta izinto ezine-virus bese uthinta ubuso bakho, nakuba lokhu kungavamile.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-SARS?

Izimpawu ze-SARS ngokuvamile zivele ngezigaba, ziqale zibheke, futhi zingase zibe nzima ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izimpawu zokuqala zivame ukuzwakala njenge-influenza evamile, okungenza kube nzima ukuyibona ekuqaleni.

Ake sihambe ngalokho ongakubona uma ukhombiswe yi-SARS, ukhumbule ukuthi izimpawu zingase zihluke kumuntu nomuntu:

• Ukuqina komkhuhlane (ngokuvamile ngaphezulu kuka-100.4°F noma 38°C)
• Ubuhlungu bekhanda nobuhlungu bomzimba
• Ukuzizwa okungathandeki noma ukungakhululeki
• I-diarrhea kwezinye izimo
• Ukhwehlela oluomile oluvela ngemva kwezinsuku eziyi-2-7
• Ukuphefumula okufushane noma ukuphefumula okunzima
• Ubuhlungu noma ubuhlungu esifubeni

Izinkinga zokuphefumula ngokuvamile zivela kamuva esifweni, ngokuvamile ngemva kokuba umkhuhlane ukhona izinsuku eziningana. Abantu abaningi abanesifo se-SARS bathola i-pneumonia, okuyintukuthelo emaphaphwini okwenza ukuphefumula kube nzima.

Kwezinye izimo ezingavamile, abanye abantu bangase babe nezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu njengokwehluleka kokuphefumula, lapho amaphaphu engahlinzeki ngokwanele i-oksijini emzimbeni. Kungakho ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kubaluleke kakhulu uma kukhona ukungabaza nge-SARS.

Yini ebangela i-SARS?

I-SARS ibangelwa yi-coronavirus ethile ebizwa nge-SARS-CoV. Leli vithamini cishe lavela ezilwaneni ngaphambi kokudlulela kubantu, inqubo osayensi abayibiza ngokuthi "ukudluliselwa kwe-zoonotic."

Abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi i-virus yaqala yadlulela ezingulube ezinye izilwane, mhlawumbe ama-civet cats, ngaphambi kokugcina ithatha abantu. Lokhu kwenzeke eNingizimu China ekupheleni kuka-2002, okuphawula ukuqala kokusakazeka kwe-SARS.

I-virus isakazeka phakathi kwabantu ngezindlela eziningana:

• Ukuphefumula amaconsi lapho umuntu onesifo se-SARS ekhwehlela noma ethikiza eduze kwakho
• Ukuthinta izinto ezine-virus bese uthinta umlomo wakho, khala, noma amehlo
• Ukuthintana eduze nabantu abathelelekile, ikakhulukazi abasebenzi bezempilo noma amalungu omndeni

Okwenze i-SARS yaba inselele ikakhulukazi ukuthi abantu bangasakaza i-virus ngisho nangaphambi kokuba bazizwe begula kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, abantu babebaningi kakhulu lapho izimpawu zabo zibi kakhulu.

Nini okufanele ubheke udokotela nge-SARS?

Njengoba i-SARS ingabikwanga kusukela ngo-2004, amathuba okuhlangana nayo namuhla aphansi kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, uma uthola izimpawu ezinzima zokuphefumula, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokuhamba ezindaweni lapho izifo ezifanayo ziye zenzeka khona, ukufuna ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kuhlale kuwukuhlakanipha.

Kufanele uxhumane nodokotela uma uthola:

• Ukuqina komkhuhlane kuhlangene nokukwehlela okukhulu nokuphefumula okunzima
• Izimpawu eziyanda ngokushesha izinsuku ezimbalwa
• Ukuphefumula okunzima noma ubuhlungu esifubeni
• Ukuhamba kwakamuva ezindaweni lapho kukhona ukusakazeka kwezifo zokuphefumula

Uma ukhathazekile nganoma yisiphi isifo sokuphefumula, ungangabazi ukuxhumana nodokotela wakho. Bangakusiza baqonde ukuthi yini ebangela izimpawu zakho futhi banikeze ukunakekelwa okufanele.

Ziyini izimbangela ze-SARS?

Phakathi kokusakazeka kuka-2003, izici ezithile zenza abanye abantu babe nethuba elikhulu lokuthola i-SARS noma bathuthukise izimpawu ezinzima. Ukuqonda lokhu kungasiza ubeke lesi simo endaweni efanele.

Izimbangela eziyinhloko zazifaka:

• Ukuthintana eduze nabantu abanesifo se-SARS, ikakhulukazi amalungu omndeni noma abasebenzi bezempilo
• Ukuhlala noma ukuhamba ezindaweni lapho i-SARS isakazeka khona
• Ukusebenza ezindaweni zezempilo ngesikhathi sokusakazeka
• Ubudala obukhulu, ikakhulukazi labo abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-60
• Ukuba nezimo zezempilo ezingapheli njenge-diabetes noma isifo senhliziyo
• Isistimu yokuzikhusela ebuthakathaka

Abasebenzi bezempilo babe nenkinga enkulu ngoba banakekela iziguli ze-SARS ngaphambi kokuba izindlela zokuzikhusela ezifanele ziqondwe futhi zisetshenziswe ngokugcwele. Amalungu omndeni nawo ayenengozi enkulu ngenxa yokuthintana okude, okude nabantu abathelelekile.

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zici zezingozi zazisebenza ngokukhethekile ngesikhathi sokusakazeka kuka-2003. Namuhla, ngaphandle kokusakazeka kwe-SARS okusebenzayo, lezi zingozi ziyizinto zomlando.

Ziyini izinkinga ezingase zenzeke nge-SARS?

Nakuba abantu abaningi abatholwe i-SARS ngesikhathi sokusakazeka kuka-2003 baphila, abanye babe nezinkinga ezinzima. Ukuqonda lokhu kusiza kuchaze ukuthi kungani umphakathi wezokwelapha uthathe i-SARS ngokungathi sína.

Izinkinga ezivamile zazifaka:

• I-Pneumonia ethinta amaphaphu womabili
• I-Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), lapho amaphaphu egcwaliswa yi-fluid
• Ukwehluleka kokuphefumula okudinga ukuphefumula okuhlanganisiwe
• Izinkinga zenhliziyo, kufaka phakathi ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungavamile
• Ukonakala kwesibindi kwezinye izimo

Kwezinye izimo ezingavamile, i-SARS ingabangela ukwehluleka kwamalungu amaningi, lapho izinhlelo eziningi zomzimba ziyeka ukusebenza kahle. Lokhu kwakungase kwenzeke kakhulu kubantu abadala noma abantu abanezimo zezempilo ezikhona.

Izinga lokufa lonke le-SARS lalingaba ngu-10%, nakuba lokhu kuhluke kakhulu ngokusekelwe ebudaleni nasesimweni sempilo. Abantu abasebancane, abaphilile babe nemiphumela emihle kakhulu kunabantu abadala noma labo abanezifo ezingapheli.

I-SARS yayixilongwa kanjani?

Phakathi kokusakazeka kuka-2003, ukuxilonga i-SARS kwakuhilela ukuhlanganisa izimpawu zezokwelapha nezivivinyo zelebhu nezifundo zokubonisa izithombe. Odokotela kwakudingeka bahlanganise izinkomba eziningana ukuze benze ukuxilongwa okuchaneka.

Inqubo yokuxilonga ngokuvamile yayifaka:

• Umbiko omncane wezokwelapha, kufaka phakathi ukuhamba kwakamuva nokukhombiswa okungenzeka
• Ukuhlolwa komzimba kugxile ekuphefumuleni nasemizweni yamaphaphu
• Izithombe ze-X-ray zesisu ukuze ubone i-pneumonia
• Izivivinyo zegazi ukuze uhlole izimpawu zokutheleleka
• Izivivinyo ezikhethekile zokuthola i-virus ye-SARS

Inselele eyodwa kwakuwukuthi izimpawu zokuqala ze-SARS zazifana kakhulu nezinye izifo zokuphefumula njenge-influenza noma i-pneumonia. Lokhu kwenze kwaba nzima ukuqaphela izimo ngokushesha, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni kokusakazeka.

Odokotela baphethe futhi ngezinkomba ze-epidemiological, njengokuthi iziguli zaziye zathintana namacases e-SARS aziwayo noma ziye zahamba ezindaweni ezithintekile. Lo msebenzi wokucwaninga wawubalulekile ekuqondeni nasekuvimbeleni ukusakazeka.

Ukwelashwa kwe-SARS kwakuyini?

Phakathi kokusakazeka kuka-2003, kwakungekho imithi ethile ye-antiviral eboniswe ukuthi isebenza ngokumelene ne-SARS. Ukwelashwa kugxile ekusekeleni umzimba ngenkathi isistimu yokuzikhusela ilwa nokutheleleka.

Izindlela zokwelapha eziyinhloko zazifaka:

• I-oksijini therapy ukusisiza ngezinkinga zokuphefumula
• Ukuphefumula okuhlanganisiwe kwezimo ezinzima
• Imithi yokunciphisa umkhuhlane nokuphatha izimpawu
• Ama-steroids ukunciphisa intukuthelo yamaphaphu kwezinye izimo
• Ama-antibiotics uma kukhona ukutheleleka kwe-bacteria kanye ne-SARS

Abantu abaningi badinge ukunakekelwa okukhulu, ikakhulukazi labo abathuthukise izinkinga ezinzima zokuphefumula. Umgomo weqembu lezokwelapha kwakuwukugcina iziguli ziqine ngenkathi imizimba yazo iphulukana ngokwemvelo.

Kunezindlela zokwelapha eziningi ezizame, kufaka phakathi imithi ye-antiviral kanye ne-immune system boosters, kodwa akukho nelinye eliye labonakala lisebenza ngokuqinisekile. Ukubuyela esimweni esiqondile kwakuxhomeke kakhulu empilweni yomuntu jikelele nakubukhulu bomzimba wokulwa nokutheleleka.

I-SARS yayivinjelwa kanjani?

Ukusakazeka kwe-SARS kuka-2003 kwasuqediwa ngezindlela ezimbi zezempilo zomphakathi kunokuba kube yizicubu noma ukwelashwa okuqondile. Lezi zindlela zokuvimbela zaveza ukuthi zisebenza kakhulu ekuvimbeleni ukusakazeka.

Izindlela eziyinhloko zokuvimbela zazifaka:

• Ukuhlukanisa iziguli ze-SARS ezithathwayo neziqinisekisiwe
• Ukuhlukanisa abantu abaye bakhombiswa yi-SARS
• Ukulandelwa kokuthintana ukuze kutholakale izimo ezingase zibe khona
• Ukunciphisa uhambo nokucwaninga impilo ezikhumulweni zezindiza
• Ukuthuthukiswa kokulawulwa kokutheleleka emahospitalini
• Imfundo yomphakathi mayelana nezimpawu nokuvimbela

Abasebenzi bezempilo basebenzisa imishini ekhethekile yokuzikhusela, kufaka phakathi ama-N95 masks, izihlangu, nama-gowns, lapho banakekela iziguli ze-SARS. Lokhu kunciphise kakhulu ukudluliselwa ezindaweni zezokwelapha.

Impendulo yomhlaba wonke yayihlanganiswe ngokumangalisayo, amazwe ahlanganyela ulwazi ngokushesha futhi asebenzisa izindlela ezifanayo zokulawula. Lo mphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe wawubalulekile ekuqedeni i-SARS phakathi nezinyanga ezimbalwa.

Kufanele ulungiselele kanjani i-aphoyintimenti yodokotela mayelana nezimpawu zokuphefumula?

Uma ukhathazekile nganoma yisiphi isifo sokuphefumula, ukulungela ukuvakashela udokotela wakho kungasiza kuqinisekise ukuthi uthola ukunakekelwa okuhle kakhulu okungenzeka. Nakuba i-SARS ingelona ukukhathazeka okwamanje, lezi zeluleko zisebenza kunoma yiziphi izimpawu ezihlobene nokuphefumula.

Ngaphambi kokuqokwa kwakho, buza le mininingwane:

• Isikhathi lapho izimpawu zaqala khona nokuthi zishintshile kanjani
• Uhlu lwemithi yamanje kanye nezinye izinto
• Umbiko wokuvakasha kwakamuva, ikakhulukazi uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe
• Ukuthintana nanoma ubani owayegula muva nje
• Umbiko wakho wezokwelapha, kufaka phakathi izimo ezingapheli

Bhala phansi imibuzo ethile ofuna ukuyibuza udokotela wakho. Lokhu kungafaka ukukhathazeka ngezimpawu zakho, ukuthi yiziphi izivivinyo ezingase zidingeke, noma ukuthi ungaphatha kanjani isimo sakho ekhaya.

Ungakhohlwa ukukhuluma uma uzizwa ukhathazekile ngezimpawu zakho. Udokotela wakho angakunikeza ukuqinisekisa futhi akusize uqonde noma yikuphi ukwesaba ongakuba nakho ngempilo yakho.

Iyini into ebalulekile mayelana ne-SARS?

I-SARS yayiyisifo esinzima sokuphefumula esabangela ukukhathazeka okukhulu ngo-2003, kodwa kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi saqediwa futhi saqedwa. Azikho izimo ezibikiwe emhlabeni jikelele kusukela ngo-2004.

Ukusakazeka kwe-SARS kusisize safunda izifundo ezibalulekile mayelana nokuphendula ezifweni ezintsha ezithathelwanayo. Kubonise ukuthi izinhlelo zezempilo zomhlaba jikelele zingasebenza ngokushesha kangakanani uma zibhekene nesongo nokuthi izindlela ezinhle zokulawula impilo yomphakathi zingasebenza kangakanani.

Nakuba i-SARS ngokwayo ingelona ukukhathazeka, lelo zwe liye lasiza ukulungiselela umphakathi wezokwelapha ekusakazeni kwezifo zokuphefumula ezizayo. Izifundo ezifundiwe ziyaqhubeka nokukhomba indlela esiphendula ngayo ezimbangweni ezintsha zezempilo namuhla.

Uma uke ukhathazekile ngezimpawu zokuphefumula, ungangabazi ukuxhumana nodokotela wakho. Bakhona ukuze bakusize uzizwe kangcono futhi uqonde noma yikuphi ukukhathazeka ongakuba nakho ngempilo yakho.

Imibuzo evamile ebuzwa mayelana ne-SARS

Q1: Usangayithola yini i-SARS namuhla?

Cha, awukwazi ukuthola i-SARS namuhla. Icala lokugcina le-SARS elikhona labikwe ngo-2004, futhi i-World Health Organization yamemezela ukuthi ukusakazeka kuye kwaqediwa. I-virus ayisakazeki phakathi kwabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Q2: Ingabe i-SARS ifana ne-COVID-19?

Cha, i-SARS ne-COVID-19 yizifo ezahlukene eziyimithi ezahlukene, nakuba zombili ziyi-coronaviruses. I-SARS ibangelwa yi-SARS-CoV, kuyilapho i-COVID-19 ibangelwa yi-SARS-CoV-206. Nakuba zihlangene, ziyaphambana futhi zinezimpawu nemiphumela ehlukene.

Q3: Ukusakazeka kwe-SARS kuye kwahlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Ukusakazeka kwe-SARS kuye kwahlala kusukela ngoNovemba 2002 kuya kuJulayi 2003, lapho i-World Health Organization yamemezela ukuthi kuye kwaqediwa. Ukusakazeka kwaphakama entwasahlobo ka-2003 futhi kwaqediwa ngemizamo ehlangene yomhlaba wonke yezempilo yomphakathi phakathi nezinyanga ezingaba yisishiyagalombili.

Q4: Bangaki abantu abathinteke yi-SARS?

Ngokusho kwe-World Health Organization, i-SARS iye yathinta abantu abacishe babe ngu-8,098 emhlabeni jikelele futhi yabangela ukufa kwabantu abangu-774 ngesikhathi sokusakazeka kuka-2003. Ukusakazeka kuye kwathimba amazwe angu-26, ngokuningi kwamacala okwenzeka eChina, eHong Kong, eTaiwan, eSingapore, naseCanada.

Q5: Yini eyenza i-SARS yahluke kwi-influenza evamile?

I-SARS yayinzima kakhulu kunesi-influenza evamile, ngesilinganiso esiphezulu se-pneumonia nezinye izinkinga zokuphefumula. Yayinesilinganiso esiphezulu sokufa (cishe i-10% uma kuqhathaniswa nokungaphansi kuka-1% ye-influenza yesizini) futhi kwakungase kudingeke ukungena esibhedlela. Ngokungafani ne-influenza, i-SARS yayingenayo imithi noma ukwelashwa okuye kwabonakala kusebenza ngesikhathi sokusakazeka.