Umgilamkhulu Wesikhumba Yini? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, Nokwelashwa

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba kwenzeka lapho amaseli esikhumbeni sakho ekhula ngokungajwayelekile futhi engekho ngaphansi kolawulo. Empeleni uhlobo oluvamile kakhulu lomdlavuza, kodwa nansi izindaba eziduduzayo: iningi lomdlavuza wesikhumba liyaphiliswa uma utholakala ngokushesha. Cabanga ngesikhumba sakho njengoba sinesistimu yokulungisa eziqondene nayo ezinye izikhathi ezidinga usizo oluthile ukuze ibuye emuva.

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba yini?

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba uqala lapho ukulimala kwe-DNA kubangela amaseli esikhumba ukwanda ngokushesha futhi akhe iziphumu eziyingozi. Isikhumba sakho sihlanza ngokwemvelo amaseli amadala futhi sidale amasha, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi le nqubo iphutha.

Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko, ngayinye eziphatha ngokuhlukile. I-basal cell carcinoma ikhula kancane futhi ayisabali ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba wakho. I-squamous cell carcinoma ingakhula ngokushesha kodwa isalula ukuphathwa uma iwelashwa ngokushesha.

I-Melanoma uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu ngoba ingasabalala kwamanye amalungu uma ingaphathwa ngokushesha. Noma kunjalo, uma i-melanoma itholakala ezingxenyeni zayo zokuqala, izinga lokuphila lihle kakhulu cishe ku-99%.

Zithini izinhlobo zomdlavuza wesikhumba?

Izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko zomdlavuza wesikhumba ngayinye inezici ezihlukile nokuziphatha. Ukuqonda le mihlukana kungakusiza ukwazi ukuthi yini okufanele uyilinde.

I-Basal Cell Carcinoma uhlobo oluvamile kakhulu, olukhulu cishe ku-80% yomdlavuza wesikhumba wonke. Ngokuvamile ibonakala njengobumba obuncane, obakhanyayo, noma isikhala esiqinile, esiqinile esingase siqale kalula. Lolu hlobo lukhula kancane kakhulu futhi cishe alusabali ezingxenyeni eziningi zomzimba wakho.

I-Squamous Cell Carcinoma imele cishe ku-20% yomdlavuza wesikhumba. Ngokuvamile ibonakala njengesiqephu esiqinile, esiqinile, isifo esivulekile esingephili, noma ukukhula okuphindwe kabili ngokucindezela okuphakathi. Nakuba ingasabalala uma ishiywe ingaphathwa, isalula ukwelashwa uma itholakala ngokushesha.

I-Melanoma uhlobo oluvamile kakhulu kodwa oluyingozi kakhulu. Ingathuthukiswa kusuka ku-mole ekhona noma ibonakale njengendawo emnyama entsha esikhumbeni sakho. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi i-melanoma iphilile ngokuphelele uma itholakala ngokushesha, futhi ukwelashwa okusha kusiza ngisho namacala athuthukile.

Zithini izimpawu zomdlavuza wesikhumba?

Izimpawu zomdlavuza wesikhumba zingase zihluke kuye ngohlobo, kodwa kunezibonakaliso ezibalulekile zokuqapha. Into ebaluleke kakhulu okumele uyikhumbule ukuthi noma yiluphi ushintsho esikhumbeni sakho kufanele luqaphelwe.

Ngokuqondene ne-basal ne-squamous cell carcinomas, ungase uqaphele:

• Umbumba omncane, obakhanyayo, opinki, noma onamafutha
• Indawo eqinile, eqinile, efana nesibazi esimhlophe noma esiphakanyisiwe kancane
• Isifo esiqala igazi, siqhekeka, siphulukana, bese sivula futhi
• Isiqephu esiqinile, esiqinile esibomvu noma esibomvu
• Ukukhula okuphindwe kabili ngobuso obuqinile nokuqina okuphakathi

Ngokuqondene ne-melanoma, odokotela basebenzisa umthetho we-ABCDE ukuze basize ekuqondeni ama-moles ayingozi:

• Asymmetry: Ingxenye eyodwa ayifanani nenye ingxenye
• Border: Imiphetho ayiqondile, iphazamisekile, noma iyingozi
• Color: Imibala eminingi noma ukusabalala kombala okungalingani
• Diameter: Inkulu kunesihluthulelo sepensela (6mm)
• Evolving: Noma iyiphi i-mole eshintsha ngobukhulu, ukuma, noma umbala

Ngezinye izikhathi i-melanoma ingabonakala njengomugqa omnyama oqhubekayo ngaphansi kwezipikili noma ezinzwini, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama. Noma yiluphi isifo esiqhubekayo, umbumba, noma isiqephu esingephili phakathi kwamasonto ambalwa kufanele sihlolwe yisisebenzi sezokunakekelwa kwezempilo.

Yini ebangela umdlavuza wesikhumba?

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba uthuthuka lapho ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet (UV) kulimala i-DNA emaseleni esikhumba sakho. Lolu lilima lingase livela emithonjeni ehlukahlukene, kodwa ilanga yisona icala eliyinhloko.

Izimbangela eziyinhloko zihlanganisa:

• Ukukhanya kwelanga isikhathi eside, ikakhulukazi ngezikhathi eziphezulu (10 AM kuya ku-4 PM)
• Ukushisa kwelanga, ikakhulukazi ukushisa kwelanga okubhebhezela ebuntwaneni
• Imibhede yokubasa nezinsimbi zelanga
• Isikhumba esimhlophe esishisa kalula
• Ukuphila emazingeni aphezulu noma ezindaweni ezinezilanga
• Ukukhanya kwezinto ezithile ezinjenge-arsenic
• Ukwelashwa ngokukhanya
• Ukuvuvukala okungapheli noma ukutheleleka kwesikhumba

Ezinye izimbangela ezingavamile zingase zihlanganise izimo zezofu ezifuywe njenge-xeroderma pigmentosum, okuyenza abantu babe nomuzwa kakhulu ekukhanyeni kwe-UV. Eminye imithi ecindezela isimiso sakho sokuvikela umzimba ingase futhi ikhulise ingozi yakho.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi umdlavuza wesikhumba ungathuthuka ngisho nasezindaweni ezingavamile ukubona ukukhanya kwelanga. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukukhanya kwe-UV kungagqobhoza izingubo neglasi, futhi ukulimala okuthile kuqoqwa eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kokuba kubonakale.

Kufanele ubona nini udokotela ngomdlavuza wesikhumba?

Kufanele ubona udokotela noma nini lapho uqaphela indawo entsha noma eshintsha esikhumbeni sakho. Ukutholakala ngokushesha kwenza ukwelashwa kube nomphumela omkhulu futhi kube lula.

Hlela i-aphoyintimenti uma uqaphela noma iyiphi indawo ekhula, iqala igazi, ikhathaza, noma ishintsha umbala. Ngisho noma ucabanga ukuthi kungenzeka kungabi lutho, kuhlale kungcono ukuba nokuthula kwengqondo.

Bona udokotela ngokushesha uma une-mole noma indawo eba buhlungu, ithuthukisa umda ongaqondile, noma iqala ukukhishwa noma igazi. Noma yiluphi isifo esingephili phakathi kwamasonto amathathu sidinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha.

Uma une-moles eminingi, umlando womndeni womdlavuza wesikhumba, noma uke waba nomdlavuza wesikhumba ngaphambili, cabanga ngokuhlola isikhumba minyaka yonke nodokotela wezifo zesikhumba. Lezi zivivinyo eziqondile zingabamba izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe nzima.

Zithini izinto ezikhuphula ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba?

Izinto eziningi zingase zikhulise amathuba akho okukhula komdlavuza wesikhumba, kodwa ukuba nezinto ezikhuphula ingozi akusho ukuthi uzoba nomdlavuza ngokuqinisekile. Ukuqonda lezi zinto kukusiza unakekele kangcono isikhumba sakho.

Izinto ezikhuphula ingozi ezivamile zihlanganisa:

• Isikhumba esimhlophe, izinwele ezilula, namehlo amhlophe
• Umlando wokushisa kwelanga noma ukukhanya kwelanga okukhulu
• Ama-moles amaningi noma ama-moles angavamile
• Umlando womndeni womdlavuza wesikhumba
• Umlando siqu womdlavuza wesikhumba
• Isimiso sokuvikela umzimba esibuthakathaka
• Iminyaka engaphezu kuka-50
• Ubulili besilisa (amadoda athuthukisa umdlavuza wesikhumba kancane kakhulu)

Ezinye izinto ezikhuphula ingozi ezingavamile zihlanganisa ukukhanya, izinto ezithile, noma ukuba uke wenza ubuyekezo lwamalungu. Abantu abanezimo ezithile zezofu njenge-albinism noma i-xeroderma pigmentosum banengozi enkulu kakhulu.

Ukuba nesikhumba esimnyama kunikeza ukuvikelwa kwemvelo ekukhanyeni kwe-UV, kodwa umdlavuza wesikhumba usengase uqale. Kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama, i-melanoma ngokuvamile ibonakala ezindaweni ezinombala omncane, njengezinjawo, izinyathelo zezinyawo, noma ngaphansi kwezipikili.

Zithini izinhlanganisela ezingase zibe khona zomdlavuza wesikhumba?

Iningi lomdlavuza wesikhumba libangela ukungaphili kahle okuncane uma liwelashwa ngokushesha, kodwa kuwusizo ukuqonda ukuthi yini engase ibe khona uma umdlavuza ushiywe ungaphathwa. Lolu lwazi aluhloselwe ukukwesabisa, kodwa ukugcizelela ukuthi kungani ukwelashwa ngokushesha kubalulekile.

Ngokuqondene ne-basal cell carcinoma, inkinga elikhulu ukulimala kwesikhumba sendawo. Uma ishiywe ingaphathwa iminyaka eminingi, ingakhula ekujuleni kwesikhumba, isimiso, futhi ngisho nengxangxasi, ibangela ukuphazamiseka endaweni ethintekile.

I-Squamous cell carcinoma ingasabalala ezinodweni ze-lymph ezikude, futhi, ngokungavamile, kwamanye amalungu. Lokhu ngokuvamile kwenzeka kuphela uma umdlavuza uhlale ungaphathwa isikhathi eside noma uqale ezindaweni ezingozi kakhulu njengezindebe, izindlebe, noma izitho zangasese.

Izinhlanganisela ze-melanoma zingase zibe nzima kakhulu ngoba lo mdlavuza ungasabalala kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba wakho, kuhlanganise namalungu abalulekile njengaphethini, amaphaphu, noma ubuchopho. Noma kunjalo, le ntuthuko ngokuvamile ithatha isikhathi, kungakho ukutholakala ngokushesha kunomphumela omkhulu kangaka.

Ezimeni ezingavamile kakhulu, ukulimala okukhulu kwelanga kungase kube yimbangela yokuthi kube nomdlavuza wesikhumba eminingi oqala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Abanye abantu nabo bahlangabezana nokuphazamiseka noma ukushintsha kombala wesikhumba ngemuva kokwelashwa, nakuba izindlela zanamuhla zinciphisa le miphumela.

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba ungavikeleka kanjani?

Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi umdlavuza wesikhumba ukhulukazi ungavikeleka ngezindlela ezilula zansuku zonke. Iningi lamaqhinga okuvimbela ligxile ekuvikeleni isikhumba sakho ekukhanyeni kwe-UV.

Inqubo yakho yokuvikelwa kwelanga yansuku zonke kufanele ihlanganise:

• Ukusebenzisa i-sunscreen ebanzi-spectrum ene-SPF 30 noma ngaphezulu nsuku zonke
• Ukusebenzisa kabusha i-sunscreen njalo ngamahora amabili futhi ngemuva kokubhukuda noma ukushisa
• Ukufuna isithunzi ngezikhathi eziphezulu zelanga (10 AM kuya ku-4 PM)
• Ukugqoka izingubo ezivikelayo, iziqalo eziyigazi, nezibuko ezivala ukukhanya kwe-UV
• Ukugwema imibhede yokubasa ngokuphelele

Ukuhlola kwansuku zonke kuzisiza ukuba uqonde isikhumba sakho futhi uqaphele noma yiziphi izinguquko ngokushesha. Sebenzisa isibuko ukuhlola izindawo ongenakuzibona kalula, noma cela ilungu lomndeni ukuba likusize.

Ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba ngochwepheshe kubaluleke kakhulu uma unezinto ezikhuphula ingozi. Udokotela wakho angabona izinguquko ezingabonakali kuwe futhi anikeze iseluleko sokuvimbela esiqondene nawe.

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba utholakala kanjani?

Ukuthola umdlavuza wesikhumba ngokuvamile kuqala ngokuhlolwa ngamehlo udokotela wakho noma udokotela wezifo zesikhumba. Bazobheka indawo engathandeki futhi bangase basebenzise idivayisi ekhethekile yokukhulisa ebizwa nge-dermatoscope.

Uma indawo ibonakala ingathandeki, udokotela wakho uzokwenza i-biopsy. Lokhu kuhilela ukususa ingxenye encane yethishu engathandeki, bese ihlolwa ngaphansi komkhiqizo ngochwepheshe oqeqeshwe ngokukhethekile obizwa nge-pathologist.

Kunezinhlobo eziningi ze-biopsies, kuye ngobukhulu nendawo yendawo. I-shave biopsy isusa izigaba eziphezulu, kuyilapho i-punch biopsy ithatha isampula ejulile, esiqondile. I-excisional biopsy isusa yonke indawo engathandeki.

Imiphumela ye-biopsy ngokuvamile ibuya emuva phakathi nesonto noma amabili. Uma kutholakala umdlavuza, kungase kudingeke ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe ukuze kutholakale ukuthi usabalale, ikakhulukazi ezimweni ze-melanoma.

Ukuphathwa komdlavuza wesikhumba yini?

Ukuphathwa komdlavuza wesikhumba kuncike kuhlobo, ubukhulu, indawo, kanye nezinga lomdlavuza. Izindaba ezinhle ukuthi iningi lomdlavuza wesikhumba lingaphiliswa ngokuphelele ngezinqubo ezilula.

Ngokuqondene ne-basal ne-squamous cell carcinomas, ukwelashwa okuvamile kuhlanganisa:

• Ukususa ngokusebenza: Ukusika isiphumu ngomda wethishu enempilo
• Ukuhlinzwa kwe-Mohs: Ukususa umdlavuza ngezigaba ngezigaba ngenkathi uhlola imingcele
• I-Cryotherapy: Ukubandisa amaseli omdlavuza nge-liquid nitrogen
• I-Electrodesiccation nokuhlanza: Ukukhahlela nokushisa isiphumu
• Imithi yokugqoka yamacala okuqala noma aphezulu kakhulu

Ukuphathwa kwe-melanoma ngokuvamile kuhilela ukususa ngokusebenza ngemigqa ebanzi. Uma i-melanoma isabalale, ukwelashwa kungase kuhlanganise i-immunotherapy, ukwelashwa okuqondene, i-chemotherapy, noma ukwelashwa ngokukhanya.

Ukuphathwa komdlavuza wesikhumba okuningi kungenziwa ehhovisi lika-dokotela wakho nge-anesthesia yendawo. Ukubuyela esimweni esivamile ngokuvamile kuyashesha, ngabantu abaningi ababuyela emisebenzini yabo evamile phakathi kwezinsuku ezimbalwa kuya kwamasonto.

Ungazinakekela kanjani ngesikhathi sokwelashwa komdlavuza wesikhumba?

Ukunakekela wena ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kusiza umzimba wakho ukuba uphulukise futhi kwenza inqubo ibe lula. Iningi lokwelashwa komdlavuza wesikhumba kuyizinqubo zokwelashwa kwangaphandle ngesikhathi esincane sokuphumula.

Ngemva kokuhlinzwa, gcina isifo sihlanzekile futhi siwomile njengoba uqondiswe udokotela wakho. Cishe uzoba nemiyalo ekhethekile mayelana nokushintsha izibopho nokuthi nini ungahamba ugeze noma ugeze.

Vikele indawo ewelashwe ekukhanyeni kwelanga ngesikhathi sokuphola, njengoba isikhumba esisha sibuthakathaka kakhulu. Sebenzisa izinto ezithambile, ezingenamphunga ukugcina indawo ipholile njengoba iphulukana.

Qaphela izimpawu zokutheleleka njengokukhula kobomvu, ukushisa, ukukhula, noma i-pus. Xhumana nodokotela wakho uma uqaphela noma yiziphi izinguquko ezikhathazayo noma uma ubuhlungu bukhula kakhulu ngemuva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala.

Dla ukudla okunempilo okugcwele izithelo nemifino ukuze usekele isimiso sakho sokuvikela umzimba nokuphola. Hlala uthambile futhi uthole ukuphumula okwanele ukuze usize umzimba wakho uphulukise ngokuphumelelayo.

Kufanele uzilungiselele kanjani i-aphoyintimenti yakho yodokotela?

Ukulungiselela i-aphoyintimenti yakho kusiza uqinisekise ukuthi uthola okuningi kakhulu ekuhambeni kwakho futhi kunikeze udokotela wakho ulwazi oluwusizo. Ukulungiselela kancane kunganciphisa ukukhathazeka okungase ukubambe.

Ngaphambi kokuya kwakho, bhala phansi ukuthi uqale nini ukuqaphela indawo kanye nanoma yiziphi izinguquko oziqaphile. Thatha izithombe uma indawo ikulesi sikhundla esinzima ukubona, njengoba lokhu kungasiza udokotela wakho ukuba alandelele izinguquko ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Yenza uhlu lwazo zonke imithi, izongezelelo, namavithamini owaqaphela. Phawula futhi noma yiluphi umlando womndeni womdlavuza wesikhumba noma ezinye izifo zomdlavuza, njengoba lolu lwazi lusiza ekuqondiseni ukunakekelwa kwakho.

Lungiselela imibuzo ofuna ukuyibuza, njengokuthi yiziphi izinketho zokwelashwa ezikhona, yini okufanele uyilinde ngesikhathi sokuphola, nokuthi uzodinga kangaki ukuvakashela okulandelayo. Unganqikazi ukubuza noma yini ekukhathazayo.

Fika ungagqoki ubuqili, i-nail polish, noma ubucwebe obungase buphazamise ukuhlolwa. Gqoka izingubo ezanelisayo ezivumela ukufinyelela okulula endaweni ephambene.

Iyini into ebalulekile mayelana nomdlavuza wesikhumba?

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba uvame kakhulu, kodwa futhi uyaphiliswa uma utholakala ngokushesha. Into ebaluleke kakhulu ongayenza iwukuba unake isikhumba sakho futhi ubona udokotela ngokushesha uma uqaphela noma yiziphi izinguquko.

Ukuvikelwa kwelanga yansuku zonke yiyona ndlela yakho engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela ukukhula komdlavuza wesikhumba ekuqaleni. Imikhuba elula njengokugqoka i-sunscreen nezingubo ezivikelayo inganciphisa kakhulu ingozi yakho.

Khumbula ukuthi ukuba nendawo engathandeki akusho ukuthi unemdlavuza. Izinguquko eziningi zesikhumba ziyizinto ezinhle, kodwa kuphela ochwepheshe bezempilo abangenza lokho ngokuphepha.

Uma utholakala unomdlavuza wesikhumba, yazi ukuthi ukwelashwa kunomphumela omkhulu, ikakhulukazi uma umdlavuza utholakala ngokushesha. Abantu abaningi baqhubeka bephila impilo evamile, enempilo ngemuva kokwelashwa.

Imibuzo evamile ebuzwayo mayelana nomdlavuza wesikhumba

Ingabe umdlavuza wesikhumba ungabonakala ezindaweni ezingabonakali ekukhanyeni kwelanga?

Yebo, umdlavuza wesikhumba ungathuthuka ezindaweni ezingavamile ukukhanya kwelanga, kuhlanganise phakathi kwezinzwini, ezandleni, ezinyatheleni zezinyawo, futhi ngisho nangaphansi kwezipikili. Nakuba ukukhanya kwelanga yisona isizathu esiyinhloko, ezinye izinto njengezofu, isimo sesistimu sokuvikela umzimba, kanye nokukhanya kwangaphambili kungase kube yimbangela. Kungakho ukuhlolwa kwesikhumba komzimba wonke kubalulekile, hhayi nje ukuhlola izindawo ezivezwe elangeni.

Umgilamkhulu wesikhumba usabalala ngokushesha kangakanani?

Isilinganiso sihluka kakhulu kuye ngohlobo. I-Basal cell carcinoma ikhula kancane kakhulu ngezinyanga noma iminyaka futhi ayisabali. I-Squamous cell carcinoma ikhula ngokushesha kodwa isadinga izinyanga ukuthuthuka. I-Melanoma ingasabalala ngokushesha, kungakho ukubheka ngokushesha ama-moles ashintshayo kubalulekile. Noma kunjalo, iningi lomdlavuza wesikhumba liqala kancane, likunikeza isikhathi sokuthola ukwelashwa.

Ingabe umdlavuza wesikhumba uyizofu?

Nakuba iningi lomdlavuza wesikhumba liwumphumela wokulimalala kwelanga, izofu zidlalela indima. Ukuba nomzali noma umfowethu onomdlavuza we-melanoma kukhuphula ingozi yakho, futhi izimo ezithile ezifuywe zikhuphula kakhulu ingozi yomdlavuza wesikhumba. Noma kunjalo, umlando womndeni awuqinisekisi ukuthi uzoba nomdlavuza wesikhumba. Kungakhathaliseki ingozi yakho yezofu, ukuvikelwa kwelanga nokukheka kwesikhumba okuqondile kusala yindlela yakho engcono kakhulu yokuvimbela.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kwe-mole eyingozi ne-mole evamile?

Ama-moles avamile ngokuvamile ayalingana, anemingcele ebushelelezi, umbala olulodwa, amancane kunesihluthulelo sepensela, futhi ahlala eqondile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ama-moles ayingozi angase angalingani, anemingcele engaqondile, imibala eminingi, amakhulu kunama-6mm, noma abonise izinguquko ngobukhulu, ukuma, noma umbala. Umthetho we-ABCDE uqondisa ekuqondeni ama-moles angase abe yingozi, kodwa noma iyiphi i-mole eshintshayo kufanele ihlolwe udokotela.

Ingabe abantu abanesikhumba esimnyama bangaba nomdlavuza wesikhumba?

Yebo, abantu abanesikhumba esimnyama bangaba nomdlavuza wesikhumba, nakuba ingozi yabo iphansi ngenxa yokuvikelwa kwemvelo okuvela ku-melanin. Uma umdlavuza wesikhumba uqala kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama, ngokuvamile utholakala ezindaweni ezinombala omncane njengezinjawo, izinyathelo zezinyawo, izipikili, nama-mucous membranes. Ngeshwa, umdlavuza wesikhumba kubantu abanesikhumba esimnyama ngokuvamile utholakala ezingeni eliphakeme, okwenza ukwaziswa nokubona ngokushesha kubaluleke kakhulu.