Tetanus

I-tetanu isifo esinzima sesistimu yezinzwa esibangelwa yibhaktheriya evelisa ubuthi. Lesi sifo sibangela ukubamba kwemisipha, ikakhulukazi kwemisipha yomlomo nomphi. I-tetanu iyaziwa ngokuba yi-lockjaw.

Izinkinga ezinzima ze-tetanu zingaba yingozi eyingozi. Ayikho imithi ye-tetanu. Ukwelashwa kugxile ekulawuleni izimpawu nezingqinamba kuze kube yilapho imiphumela yobuthe be-tetanu iphela.

Ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okubanzi kwezidakamizwa, izehlakalo ze-tetanu zimbalwa e-United States nakwezinye izingxenye zezwe elikhulile. Lesi sifo sihlala sisengozini kubantu abangazange baqede ukugonywa kwabo. Sivame kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka.

Isikhathi esimaphakathi kusukela ekuthelelekeni kuya ekuqaleni kwezimpawu nezibonakaliso (ikhathi lokukhulelwa) liyimihla engu-10. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa singaba kusukela ezinsukwini ezingu-3 kuya kwezingu-21. Uhlobo oluvamile kakhulu lwe-tetanus lubizwa nge-tetanus ejwayelekile. Izimpawu nezibonakaliso ziqala kancane kancane bese ziya ziba zimbi ngokwanda emasontweni amabili. Ngokuvamile ziqala emagxalabeni bese ziya phansi emzimbeni. Izimpawu nezibonakaliso ze-tetanus ejwayelekile zihlanganisa: Ukuqina kwemisipha okuhlungu kanye nemisipha eqinile, enganyuki (ukuqina kwemisipha) emagxalabeni Ukucindezela kwemisipha eduze kwemilomo yakho, ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukuhleka okuqhubekayo Ukuqina okuhlungu nokuqina kwemisipha yomhlane Ubunzima bokuginya Ukucindezela kwemisipha yesisu Ukuqhubeka kwe-tetanus kuholela ekuphindaphindweni kokungqongqoza okuhlungu, okufana nokuhlwitha okuphela imizuzu eminingana (ukungqongqoza okujwayelekile). Ngokuvamile, intamo nomhlane uqina, imilenze ibe yeqinile, izandla zidonswe emzimbeni, futhi izibopho zivalwe. Ukuqina kwemisipha entanyeni nasesiswini kungabangela ubunzima bokuqeda. Lezi zingqongqoza ezinzima zingase zibangelwe yizenzakalo ezincane ezishukumisa imizwa— umsindo ophezulu, ukuthinta komzimba, umoya noma ukukhanya. Njengoba isifo siqhubeka, ezinye izimpawu nezibonakaliso zingafaka: Ukuphuma kwegazi eliphezulu Ukuphuma kwegazi okuphansi Ukubetha kwenhliziyo okusheshayo Ukuthuthumela Ukukhishwa okukhulu lokukhishwa Lolu hlobo olungavamile lwe-tetanus lubangela ukuqina kwemisipha eduze kwendawo yokulimala. Nakuba ngokuvamile luyisifo esingathí sina, lungathuthuka libe yi-tetanus ejwayelekile. Lolu hlobo oluyimfihlo lwe-tetanus luvela ekulimala kwekhanda. Lubangela ukuguga kwemisipha ebusweni kanye nokuqina kwemisipha yomhlane. Futhi lungathuthuka libe yi-tetanus ejwayelekile. I-Tetanus yisifo esiyingozi. Uma unezimpawu noma izibonakaliso ze-tetanus, funa ukunakekelwa okusheshayo. Uma unecala elilula, elihlanzekile—futhi uthathe i-tetanus shot phakathi kweminyaka engu-10—ungakwazi ukunakekela isilimala sakho ekhaya. Funana ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kulezi zimo: Awuthathanga i-tetanus shot phakathi kweminyaka engu-10. Awuqiniseki ukuthi uthathe nini i-tetanus shot okokugcina. Unecala lokuthunga, into yangaphandle esilimaleni sakho, ukuluma kwesilwane noma isiqongo esijulile. Isilimala sakho singcoliswe yithuli, umhlabathi, izinsalela, uxhwele noma umaluleko—noma unezwe noma yikuphi ukungabaza ukuthi uhlanze kahle isilimala ngemuva kokudalulwa okunjalo. Izilonda ezingcolile zidinga i-booster yokugomela uma sekuphele iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu kusukela e-tetanus shot yakho yokugcina.

I-tetanu isifo esiyingozi ekuphileni. Uma unezimpawu noma izimpawu ze-tetanu, funa ukunakekelwa okuphaphandwe. Uma uneqatha elula, elihlanzekile—futhi uthathe i-shot ye-tetanu phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10—ungahlanza i-qatha yakho ekhaya. Funana ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kulezi zimo: - Awuthathanga i-shot ye-tetanu phakathi kweminyaka eyi-10. - Awuqiniseki ukuthi uthathe nini i-shot ye-tetanu okokugcina. - Une-puncture wound, into yangaphandle e-wound yakho, ukuluma kwesilwane noma isiqatho esijulile. - I-wound yakho ingcoliswe yithuli, umhlabathi, izisu, u-rust noma i-saliva—noma une-doubt mayelana nokuthi uhlanze kahle i-wound ngemuva kokudalulwa okunjalo. Izilonda ezingcolile zidinga i-booster ye-vaccination uma sekuphele iminyaka emihlanu noma ngaphezulu kusukela e-shot yakho ye-tetanu yokugcina.

Ibhaktheriya ebangela i-tetanus libizwa ngokuthi yiClostridium tetani. Ibhaktheriya lingaphila lisezimeni zokulala emhlabathini nasegazini lezilwane. Ngokuyisisekelo livaliwe kuze kube yilapho lifumana indawo yokukhula khona.

Uma ibhaktheriya elisezingeni lokulala lingena ehlengeni—imeko enhle yokukhula—amaseli “avuka”. Njengoba likhula futhi lihlukaniswa, likhipha i-toxin ebizwa nge-tetanospasmin. I-toxin ihlupha izicubu eziqondisa imisipha emzimbeni.

Ithulukazi elikhulu kakhulu le-tetanus ukungatholi iziteki noma ukungagcini neziteki zonyaka ewu-10. Ezinye izinto ezikhuphula ingozi yokutheleleka yi-tetanus yilezi: Ukufafazwa noma amanxeba avulekile ekuthungeni noma embulungeni Into yangaphandle kwelwazi, njengomsumo noma isibopho Umlando wezimo zezokwelapha ezicindezela ukhuseleko lomzimba Amanxeba olukhuni athelele kubantu abaphila nedayibhithesi Ikhodi yomqondo ethelele uma umama engatholi iziteki ngokugcwele Amatshe ahlanganyelwe namafutha angcolile okusetshenziswa kokudla okungekho emthethweni

Izinkinga ezingaba khona ngenxa yokutheleleka yi-tetanus zingafaka:

• Izinkinga zokuphefumula. Izinkinga zokuphefumula ezingabulala zingase zenzeke ngenxa yokubopha kwezintambo zezwi kanye nokuqina kwemisipha entanyeni nasemathunjini, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokuqina komzimba jikelele.
• Ukuvinjwa kwe-artery yephango (pulmonary embolism). I-blood clot ehamba evela kwenye ingxenye yomzimba wakho ingavimba i-artery enkulu yephango noma enye yezigaba zayo.
• I-Pneumonia. Ukutheleleka kwamaphaphu okubangelwa ukuphefumulela okuthile emaphaphwini ngengozi (aspiration pneumonia) kungaba yinkinga yokuqina komzimba jikelele.
• Amathambo aphukile. Ukuqina komzimba jikelele kungabangela ukuphamba komgogodla noma kwamanye amathambo.
• Ukufa. Ukufa okuvela ku-tetanus kuvame ukubangelwa yindlela yomoya evaliwe ngesikhathi sokuqina komzimba noma ukonakala kwama-nerve aqondisa ukuphefumula, izinga lenhliziyo noma eminye imisebenzi yamalungu.

Ungavimbela isifo se tetanus ngokuthi uthathe i-vaccine. I-vaccine ye tetanus inikezwa abantwana njengengxenye ye-vaccine ye-diphtheria ne-tetanus toxoids ne-acellular pertussis (DTaP). I-diphtheria iwumkhuhlane obulalayo obangelwa yibhaktheriya ekuthungeni nasemkhaleni. I-Acellular pertussis, ebizwa nangokuthi ukukhalela, iwumkhuhlane wokuphefumula odluliseka kalula. Abantwana abangayitholi kahle i-vaccine ye-pertussis bangathola enye i-vaccine ebizwa nge-DT. I-DTaP yuchungechunge lwezi-shots ezi-5 ezivamise ukunikwa engalweni noma emilenzeni yabantwana ezineminyaka:

• Izinyanga ezimbili
• Izinyanga ezine
• Izinyanga eziyisithupha
• Iinyanga eziyi-15 kuya kweziyi-18
• Iminyaka eyi-4 kuya kweyi-6 Kunconywa ukuba kuthathwe i-booster shot kubantwana abaneminyaka engu-11 noma engu-12. Le booster ibizwa nge-vaccine ye-Tdap. Uma ingane yakho ingayitholanga i-booster shot kule minyaka, xoxa nodokotela wakho ngezinketho ezifanele. Kunconywa ukuba kuthathwe i-booster shot kubantu abadala kanye eminyakeni eyi-10. Lena ingaba enye ye-vaccines ezimbili, i-Tdap noma i-Td. Uma awuzange uthathe i-vaccine ye-tetanus ubusencane noma awuqiniseki ngesimo se-vaccine yakho, bheka udokotela wakho ukuze uthole i-vaccine ye-Tdap. Kunconywa ukuba kuthathwe i-booster ngesikhathi sesigaba sesithathu sokukhulelwa, kungakhathaliseki ukuhleleka kwe-vaccine yomzali.
• Cela udokotela wakho ukuba ahlole isimo se-vaccine yakho njalo.
• Hlola ukuthi uqondile yini esimweni sakho se-vaccine uma uhlela uhambo lwamazwe ngamazwe.

Odokotela banquma i-tetanus ngokuhlolwa komzimba, umlando wezokwelapha nowokugonywa, kanye nezibonakaliso nezimpawu ze-muscle spasms, ubunzima bemisipha nobuhlungu. Uvivinyo lwelebhu cishe luzosetshenziswa kuphela uma udokotela wakho engathí kukhona enye isimo esibangela izibonakaliso nezimpawu.