I-anesthetic, jikelele (indlela yokuphefumula, indlela ye-parenteral, indlela yokwelapha ngokungenisa ngesigxobo)

Compound 347, Ethrane, Forane, Sojourn, Suprane, Terrell, Ultane, Ultane Amerinet, Ultane Novation, Enflurane, Isoflurane, Isoflurane Usp

Ama-anesthetic ajwayelekile asetshenziswa ukuveza ukulahlekelwa yi-consciousness ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokuhlinzwa. Noma kunjalo, ngokuzala (umsebenzi nokubeletha) noma izinqubo ezithile ezincane, i-anesthetic inganikezwa ngezinani ezincane ukuze kuphepheke ukukhathazeka noma ubuhlungu ngaphandle kokubangela ukulahlekelwa yi-consciousness. Amanye ama-anesthetic angase asebenziselwe izinqubo ezithile ehhovisi lodokotela noma lwedentisi. I-Propofol ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa kubantu abasisigulini ezinqenqemeni eziqondene nezimo ezibucayi ezigulini. Lokhu kungavumela iziguli ukuba zikhuthazelele ukucindezeleka kokuba esigulini esiqondene nezimo ezibucayi futhi kusize iziguli ukuba zibambisane lapho imishini kufanele isetshenziswe ukusiza ngokuphefumula. Noma kunjalo, i-propofol akufanele isetshenziswe kubantwana abasisigulini ezinqenqemeni eziqondene nezimo ezibucayi. I-Thiopental ngezinye izikhathi isetshenziswa ukulawula ukubamba (ukubamba) okubangelwa imithi ethile noma izifo zokubamba. I-Thiopental ingasetshenziswa ukunciphisa ukucindezela ebuchosheni ezimweni ezithile. I-Thiopental isetshenziswa futhi ukusiza ekwelapheni izifo ezithile zengqondo. I-Thiopental ingasetshenziswa nezimo ezithile njengoba kunqunywe yidokotela wakho. Ama-anesthetic ajwayelekile avame ukunikwa ngokuphefumula noma ngokuqhafaza emithanjeni. Noma kunjalo, ama-anesthetic athile anganikezwa ngendlela ye-rectally ukusiza ukuveza ubuthongo ngaphambi kokuhlinzwa noma izinqubo ezithile. Nakuba ama-anesthetic amaningi ajwayelekile angasetshenziswa ngokwabo ekudaleni ukulahlekelwa yi-consciousness, amanye avame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye. Lokhu kuvumela ukuba kube khona i-anesthesia ephumelelayo kubantu abathile. Ama-anesthetic ajwayelekile anikezwa kuphela yi-noma ngaphansi kokunakekelwa ngokushesha kodokotela noma umuntu onolwazi olukhulu ekuwasebenziseni. Uma uzokwamukela i-anesthetic ejwayelekile ngesikhathi sokuhlinzwa, udokotela wakho noma i-anesthesiologist uzakukunika imithi futhi alandele ngokucophelela intuthuko yakho. Lo mkhiqizo uyatholakala ngezindlela zokulinganisa ezilandelayo:

Tshela udokotela wakho uma uke waba nokuthinta okungavamile noma uketshezi olukhulu emithi kuleli qembu noma eminye imithi. Tshela futhi ochwepheshe bakho bezempilo uma unezinye izinhlobo zoketshezi, njengokudla imibala, izigcini, noma izilwane. Ngomkhiqizo ongenalo iresiphi, funda ilebula noma izithako zephakheji ngokucophelela. I-anesthetics enikezwa ngokuphefumula ne-ketamine kuye kwahlolwa kubantwana futhi akuzange kubonakale ukuthi kubangela imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga ezingafani kubantwana kunokuba kubantu abadala. Nakuba kungekho ulwazi oluqondile oluqhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-etomidate kubantwana nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izigaba zobukhulu, le mithi ayilindelekile ukubangela imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga ezingafani kubantwana kunokuba kubantu abadala. Nakuba kungekho ulwazi oluqondile oluqhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiopental enikezwa nge-intravenously kubantwana nokusetshenziswa kwezinye izigaba zobukhulu, ukusebenzisa i-thiopental nge-intravenously kubantwana akulindelekile ukubangela imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga ezingafani kubantwana kunokuba kubantu abadala. I-Propofol iye yahlolwa kubantwana ukuze ikhiqize ukulahlekelwa ukwazi ngaphambi nangesikhathi sokuhlinzwa. Akuzange kubonakale ukuthi kubangela imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga ezingafani kubantwana kunokuba kubantu abadala. I-Propofol akufanele isetshenziswe kubantwana abagulayo kakhulu ukuze isize abantwana ukuba bakwazi ukukhuthazelela ukucindezeleka kokuba yiyunithi yokunakekelwa okuqondene. Abanye abantwana abagulayo kakhulu baye bathuthukisa izinkinga ngekhemistri yomzimba wabo ngemuva kokwamukela i-propofol, futhi abantwana abambalwa bafile ngenxa yalokhu. Akwaziwa ukuthi i-propofol noma izifo ezinzima zabantwana zibangele le nkinga. Abantu abadala bakhetheke kakhulu ngemiphumela ye-anesthetics ye-barbiturate (methohexital ne-thiopental), i-etomidate, i-propofol, ne-anesthetics enikezwa ngokuphefumula. Lokhu kungandisa amathuba emiphumela emibi. I-Ketamine ayibonakali ukuthi ibangela imiphumela emibi noma izinkinga ezingafani kubantu abadala kunokuba kubantu abadala abasebancane. I-anesthetics jikelele ingabangela imiphumela engathandeki, njengokulala, kumntwana omusha uma kunezikhulu ezinikwe umama ngesikhathi sokubeletha nokulethwa. I-anesthetics ye-barbiturate (methohexital ne-thiopental), i-halothane, ne-propofol zidlula ubisi lwebele. Noma kunjalo, i-anesthetics jikelele ayibikwanga ukuthi ibangela izinkinga kubantwana abanyuswa. Nakuba imithi ethile ingafanele isetshenziswe ndawonye nhlobo, kwezinye izimo imithi emibili ehlukene ingasetshenziswa ndawonye ngisho noma kungenzeka ukuthi kube khona ukusebenzisana. Kulezi zimo, udokotela wakho angafuna ukushintsha umthamo, noma ezinye izinyathelo zokuphepha kungadingeka. Uma uthola noma yimiphi imithi kuleli qembu, kubalulekile kakhulu ukuthi ochwepheshe bakho bezempilo bazi uma uthatha noma yimiphi imithi ehlaliswe ngezansi. Ukusebenzisana okulandelayo kukhethwe ngokusekelwe ekubalulekeni kwawo okungenzeka futhi akuyona yonke into. Ukusebenzisa imithi kuleli qembu nanoma yimiphi imithi elandelayo ayikhuthazwa. Udokotela wakho anganquma ukungakwelaphi ngemithi kuleli qembu noma ashintshe ezinye imithi oyithathayo. Ukusebenzisa imithi kuleli qembu nanoma yimiphi imithi elandelayo ngokuvamile ayikhuthazwa, kodwa kungadingeka kwezinye izimo. Uma kokubili imithi ilotshwe ndawonye, udokotela wakho angashintsha umthamo noma ukuthi uyayisebenzisa kangakanani enye noma zombili imithi. Imithi ethile akufanele isetshenziswe ngesikhathi noma eduze kwesikhathi sokudla ukudla noma ukudla izinhlobo ezithile zokudla njengoba kungenzeka kube khona ukusebenzisana. Ukusebenzisa utshwala noma utshaba nanoma yimiphi imithi kungabangela ukusebenzisana. Xoxa nochwepheshe bakho bezempilo ngokusetshenziswa kwemithi yakho ngokudla, utshwala, noma utshaba. Ukuba khona kwezinye izinkinga zezokwelapha kungathinta ukusetshenziswa kwemithi kuleli qembu. Qiniseka ukuthi utshela udokotela wakho uma unezinye izinkinga zezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi: