Yini Umgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane (Indlela Yokungena Ngaphakathi Esikhumbeni kanye Naphakathi Kwezicubu Zomzimba): Ukusetshenziswa, Umthamo, Imiphumela Eceleni Nokunye

Umjovo wegciwane lomkhuhlane ukuvikela kwakho konyaka ngamunye emkhuhlaneni, isifo sokuphefumula esivamile kodwa esingaba sibi. Lo mjovo uza ngezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: i-intradermal (enikezwa esikhumbeni) kanye ne-intramuscular (enikezwa emsipheni), zombili zenzelwe ukusiza amasosha akho omzimba ukuthi aqaphele futhi alwe namagciwane omkhuhlane ngaphambi kokuthi akuqhubeke ukugulisa.

Ukugonywa minyaka yonke ingenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu zokuzivikela wena nabathandekayo bakho emkhuhlaneni. Umgomo usebenza ngokwethula amagciwane omkhuhlane angasebenzi noma abuthakathaka emasosheni akho omzimba, okuvumela ukuthi akhe izivikelo ngaphandle kokubangela lesi sifo.

Yini Umgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane?

Umjovo womkhuhlane ukugonywa konyaka ngamunye okuvikela ezinhlotsheni ezivame kakhulu zegciwane lomkhuhlane okulindeleke ukuthi zizungeze isizini ngayinye. Ososayensi bavuselela ifomula yomgomo minyaka yonke ngokusekelwe ekuqageleni ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo zomkhuhlane ezizovamile kakhulu.

Umjovo uqukethe amagciwane omkhuhlane angasebenzi (abulaliwe) noma amagciwane aphilayo kodwa abuthakathaka angakwazi ukubangela isifo kubantu abanempilo. Uma uthola umgomo, amasosha akho omzimba afunda ukuqaphela lezi zingxenye zamagciwane futhi akhe ama-antibody okulwa nawo.

Kunezindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokuletha lo mgomo. Inguqulo ye-intradermal isebenzisa inaliti encane kakhulu futhi ingena ngaphansi kwesikhumba sakho, kanti inguqulo ye-intramuscular isebenzisa inaliti ende ukuze ifinyelele izicubu zemisipha engalweni yakho.

Usetshenziselwani Umgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane?

Inhloso eyinhloko yomgomo womkhuhlane ukuvimbela ukutheleleka ngomkhuhlane nokunciphisa ubukhulu bezimpawu uma ugula. Umgomo uvikela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu noma ezine ezihlukene zegciwane lomkhuhlane abacwaningi abaqagela ukuthi zizovamile kakhulu ngesikhathi sesizini yomkhuhlane ezayo.

Ngaphandle kokuzivikela komuntu siqu, ukugonywa kusiza ekudaleni ukuzivikela komphakathi, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuvikeleni abantu abasengozini. Lokhu kuhlanganisa izinsana ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisi-6 ubudala, abantu asebekhulile, abesifazane abakhulelwe, kanye nabantu abanezimo zempilo ezingapheli njenge-asthma, isifo sikashukela, noma isifo senhliziyo.

Umjovo wokugoma futhi usiza ekunciphiseni umthwalo jikelele ezinhlelweni zokunakekelwa kwezempilo ngesikhathi sonyaka womkhuhlane. Uma abantu abaningi begonyiwe, abantu abambalwa badinga ukunakekelwa kwezempilo ngezinkinga ezihlobene nomkhuhlane, ezingahluka kusukela kokulula kuya kokusongela impilo.

Isebenza Kanjani Umjovo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane?

Umjovo womkhuhlane usebenza ngokuqeqesha amasosha akho omzimba ukuthi aqaphele futhi alwe namagciwane athile omkhuhlane. Uma uthola umjovo, umzimba wakho uhlangana namaprotheni e-viral noma amagciwane abuthakathaka abangela ukusabela komzimba ngaphandle kokubangela ukugula.

Amasosha akho omzimba aphendula ngokukhiqiza ama-antibody, okuyizinhlobo zamaprotheni akhethekile angakwazi ukuhlonza ngokushesha futhi aqede amagciwane omkhuhlane uma uveziwe kamuva. Le nqubo ngokuvamile ithatha cishe amasonto amabili ngemuva kokugonywa ukuze kunikezwe ukuvikelwa okugcwele.

Umjovo wokugoma ubhekwa njengosebenza kahle ngokulinganisela, ngamazinga okuvikelwa ahlukahluka unyaka nonyaka kuye ngokuthi umjovo uhambisana kahle kangakanani nezinhlobo zomkhuhlane ezisabalalayo. Ngisho naseminyakeni lapho ukufana kungaphelele, ukugonywa kuvame ukunciphisa ubukhulu nobude bokugula uma ugula.

Kufanele Ngiwuthathaphi Umjovo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane?

Umjovo womkhuhlane unikezwa njengomjovo owodwa, ngokuvamile engalweni yakho engenhla. Awudingi ukuzila ukudla noma ukwenza amalungiselelo akhethekile okudla ngaphambi kokuthola umjovo.

Nge-intramuscular version, umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo uzokujova umjovo emsipheni wakho we-deltoid esebenzisa inaliti ejwayelekile. I-intradermal version isebenzisa inaliti encane kakhulu engena kuphela ezingxenyeni ezingaphezulu zesikhumba, okuyenza ibe yindlela enhle kubantu abazwela inaliti.

Ungadla ngokujwayelekile ngaphambi nangemva kokugonywa kwakho. Abanye abantu bakuthola kuwusizo ukuba nesnakhi esilula ngaphambi kwalokho ukuvimbela noma yikuphi ukukhathala, nakuba lokhu kungadingeki kubantu abaningi.

Ngemva kokuthola umgomo, kuhle ukuhlala endaweni yokugoma imizuzu engaba ngu-15 ukuqinisekisa ukuthi awunazo izimo eziphuthumayo. Ungaqhubeka nemisebenzi evamile ngemva nje kokugonywa, nakuba ungase ufune ukugwema ukuzivocavoca okunzima ngengalo egonyiwe ngosuku olusele.

Kufanele Ngithathe Isikhathi Esingakanani Umgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane?

Umgomo womkhuhlane ukugonywa kwaminyaka yonke, okusho ukuthi udinga ukuwuthola kanye ngonyaka ngamunye. Ukuvikeleka emgomweni kuncipha kancane kancane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi amagciwane omkhuhlane ashintsha unyaka nonyaka, okwenza ukugonywa kwaminyaka yonke kudingeke.

Isikhathi esingcono kakhulu sokugonywa ngasekuqaleni kwesizini yomkhuhlane, ngokuvamile phakathi kukaSepthemba no-Okthoba. Nokho, ukugonywa kamuva esizini kusahlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okubalulekile, njengoba umsebenzi womkhuhlane ungaqhubeka kahle entwasahlobo.

Kufanele uqhubeke nokuthola umgomo womkhuhlane waminyaka yonke phakathi nokuphila kwakho, ngaphandle uma udokotela wakho ekweluleka ngenye indlela ngenxa yezimo zempilo ezithile. Izincomo zomgomo zihlala zihambisana nabantu abadala abaningi, nakuba ukwakheka kungase kushintshe kancane kubantu abaneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-65 abangase bazuze ezinhlobonhlobo eziphezulu.

Yiziphi Imiphumela Eceleni Yomgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane?

Abantu abaningi bathola kuphela imiphumela emincane eceleni emgomweni womkhuhlane, futhi izimo ezinzima azivamile. Imiphumela evame kakhulu eceleni yizimo zendawo endaweni yokujova nezimpawu ezincane zesistimu ezixazululwa ngosuku olulodwa noma ezimbili.

Nawa amanye imiphumela evame kakhulu eceleni ongase uyithole, ukhumbula ukuthi abantu abaningi abanayo imiphumela eceleni:

• Ubuhlungu, ububomvu, noma ukuvuvukala endaweni yokujova
• Umkhuhlane ophansi
• Ikhanda elincane
• Ukulimala kwemisipha
• Ukukhathala
• Isicanucanu

Lezi zimpawu empeleni ziyizimpawu zokuthi amasosha akho omzimba asabela ngendlela efanele emgomeni. Zivame ukuvela phakathi kwamahora angu-6 kuya kwangu-12 ngemva kokugonywa futhi zinyamalala phakathi nosuku olu-1 kuya kwangu-2.

Umjovo we-intradermal ungase ubangele ukusabela kwesikhumba okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa nohlobo lwe-intramuscular, okuhlanganisa ububomvu, ukuvuvukala, nokulunywa endaweni yokujova. Lezi zindlela zokuphendula zivame ukuba mnene futhi zizixazulule zodwa.

Ukusabela okubi okukhulu akuvamile kakhulu kodwa kungabandakanya ukusabela okukhulu komzimba. Yingakho abahlinzeki bezempilo bencoma ukuhlala endaweni yokugoma imizuzu engu-15 ngemva kokuthola umgomo ukuze baqaphe noma yikuphi ukusabela okusheshayo.

Ubani Ongafanele Athole Umgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane?

Ngenkathi umgomo womkhuhlane uphephile kubantu abaningi, kukhona abantu abathile okufanele bawugweme noma baxoxe nodokotela wabo kuqala. Ukuphikisana okubaluleke kakhulu ukungezwani komzimba okukhulu kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yomgomo.

Abantu okungafanele bathole umgomo womkhuhlane bahlanganisa labo abanokungezwani komzimba okukhulu namaqanda, i-gelatin, ama-antibiotics, noma ezinye izinto zomgomo. Uma uke waba nokusabela okukhulu komzimba emgomweni womkhuhlane wangaphambilini, kufanele uxoxe ngezinketho ezingezinye nodokotela wakho.

Abantu abanezifo eziphakathi nendawo kuya kwezinkulu ezinomkhuhlane kufanele balinde kuze kube yilapho belulama ngaphambi kokugonywa. Lokhu akukhona ngoba umgomo uyingozi ngesikhathi sokugula, kodwa ngoba kungaba nzima ukuhlukanisa imiphumela emibi yomgomo ezimpawini zesifo.

Abantu abanomlando we-Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) phakathi namasonto ayisithupha ngemva kokugonywa komkhuhlane wangaphambilini kufanele baxoxe nodokotela wabo ngaphambi kokugonywa futhi. Ngenkathi ingozi ye-GBS evela ekugonyweni komkhuhlane iphansi kakhulu, udokotela wakho angakusiza ukuthi ulinganise izingozi nezinzuzo.

Izingane ezingaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisi-6 ubudala azikwazi ukuthola umgomo womkhuhlane, yingakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi abesifazane abakhulelwe kanye nabantu abasondelene nezingane bathole umgomo ukuze banikeze ukuvikelwa okungaqondile.

Amagama Omkhiqizo Womgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane

Izinkampani eziningi zemithi zikhiqiza imigomo yomkhuhlane, ngalinye linamagama alo omkhiqizo. Umkhiqizo othile owutholayo ungahluka ngokuya ngomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo nokuthi yini etholakalayo ngesikhathi sonyaka womkhuhlane.

Amagama ajwayelekile omkhiqizo wemigomo yomkhuhlane ye-intramuscular afaka i-Fluzone, i-Fluvirin, i-Fluarix, ne-FluLaval. Ngenxa yenguqulo ye-intradermal, i-Fluzone Intradermal iyona etholakala kakhulu, yize yakhelwe amaqembu athile obudala.

Umgomo we-intradermal ngokuvamile unconywa kubantu abadala abaneminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengama-64, kanti imigomo ye-intramuscular itholakala ebangeni elibanzi leminyaka. Umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo uzokhetha umgomo ofanele kakhulu ngokuya ngeminyaka yakho, isimo sempilo, nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye.

Noma ngabe igama lomkhiqizo linjani, yonke imigomo yomkhuhlane evunyelwe ukusetshenziswa ihlangabezana nezindinganiso ezifanayo zokuphepha nokusebenza kahle. Ukukhetha phakathi kwemikhiqizo kuvame ukususelwa ekutholakaleni kanye nokukhetha komhlinzeki wakho wezempilo kunokuba kube nomehluko omkhulu ekuvikelweni.

Ezinye Izindlela Zomgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane

Ngenkathi umgomo womkhuhlane ojovwayo uyindlela ejwayelekile yokugoma, kukhona enye indlela ephawulekayo: umgomo womkhuhlane wokufutha ngamakhala, owaziwa nangokuthi i-FluMist. Lo mgomo womkhuhlane ophilayo oqediwe unikezwa ngamakhala kunokuba kujovwe.

Umgomo wokufutha ngamakhala uqukethe amagciwane omkhuhlane aphilayo kodwa abuthakathaka angakwazi ukubangela ukugula kubantu abanempilo. Ivunyelwe kubantu abanempilo abaneminyaka engu-2 kuya kwengama-49 abangakhulelwe futhi abangenazo izimo ezithile zempilo ezingaphansi.

Abanye abantu bakhetha isifutho samakhala ngoba asibandakanyi inaliti, okwenza sithandeke ikakhulu ezinganeni noma kubantu abadala abanesifo sokwesaba inaliti. Nokho, akulungelwe wonke umuntu, ikakhulu labo abanezinhlelo zokuzivikela ezithintekile noma izimo ezithile ezingapheli.

Kubantu abangakwazi ukuthola noma yiluphi uhlobo lomgomo womkhuhlane ngenxa yezizathu zezokwelapha, ukugxila kushintshela kwezinye izindlela zokuvimbela. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ukugeza izandla njalo, ukugwema ukusondelana nabantu abagulayo, nokugcina impilo enhle ngokujwayelekile ngokudla okunomsoco okufanele nokulala okwanele.

Ingabe Umgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane Ungcono Kunomgomo We-Pneumococcal?

Umgomo womkhuhlane nomgomo we-pneumococcal basebenzela izinhloso ezihlukene futhi bavikela ezifweni ezihlukene, ngakho-ke abaqhathaniswa ngokuqondile. Yomibili le migomo ibalulekile ukuze kuvikelwe ngokugcwele ezifweni zokuphefumula.

Umgomo womkhuhlane uvikela ngokuqondile ezigcawini zomkhuhlane, ezibangela ukuqubuka komkhuhlane wamathrendi. Umgomo we-pneumococcal uvikela emabhaktheriya e-Streptococcus pneumoniae, angabangela umdlavuza wamaphaphu, i-meningitis, nezinye izifo ezinzima.

Abahlinzeki bezempilo abaningi batusa ukuthi abantu abathile bathole yomibili le migomo, ikakhulu abadala kanye nabantu abanezimo zempilo ezingapheli. Ukuba nayo yomibili le migomo kunikeza ukuvikelwa okubanzi ezinhlotsheni ezimbili ezihlukene zezifo ezinzima zokuphefumula.

Isikhathi kanye nemvamisa yale migomo nakho kuyahluka. Umgomo womkhuhlane udingeka minyaka yonke, kuyilapho imigomo ye-pneumococcal ngokuvamile inikezwa kanye noma kabili empilweni, kuye ngomgomo othile kanye neminyaka yakho nesimo sempilo.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa Mayelana Nomgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane

Ingabe Umgomo Wegciwane Lomkhuhlane Uphephile Kubantu Abanezifo Ezingapheli?

Yebo, umuthi wokugoma umkhuhlane akupheli nje ukuphepha kodwa kubaluleke kakhulu kubantu abanezifo ezingamahlalakhona njengesifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo, isifuba somoya, nesifo sezinso. Lezi zimo zikubeka engozini enkulu yezinkinga ezingathi sína zomkhuhlane, okwenza ukugoma kube yisinyathelo esibalulekile sokuvikela.

Abantu abanezimo ezingamahlalakhona bavame ukuba nokusabela okunamandla emzimbeni emuthini wokugoma futhi bangazuza ekuqanjweni kwemithi enezilinganiso eziphakeme uma beneminyaka engaphezu kwengama-65. Umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo angakuncoma uhlobo lomuthi wokugoma olufanele kakhulu ngokusekelwe ezimweni zakho zempilo ezithile.

Kufanele ngenzeni uma ngamukela ngengozi umuthi wokugoma we-Influenza omningi kakhulu?

Akunakwenzeka ukuthi wamukele umuthi wokugoma umkhuhlane omningi kakhulu ngengozi, njengoba umthamo ngamunye ulinganiswa ngaphambili futhi unikezwa ngamunye ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, uma ngengozi wamukela imithamo emibili yomuthi wokugoma umkhuhlane ngesizini efanayo, lokhu ngokuvamile akubangeli monakalo.

Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo uma ukhathazekile ngokuthola imigomo ephindwe kabili. Bangakwazi ukukuqapha nganoma yiziphi izindlela ezingavamile futhi banikeze isiqondiso sokuthi ngabe kukhona yini izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe ezidingekayo.

Kufanele ngenzeni uma ngiphuthelwa ukuthola umuthi wokugoma umkhuhlane ekuqaleni kwesizini?

Uma uphuthelwa ukugonywa ekuqaleni kwesizini yomkhuhlane, usafanele uthole umuthi wokugoma ngokushesha okukhulu. Umsebenzi womkhuhlane ungaqhubeka kahle entwasahlobo, futhi ukugonywa sekwephile kusahlinzeka ngokuvikeleka okubalulekile.

Kuthatha amasonto amabili ukuthi umuthi wokugoma unikeze ukuvikeleka okugcwele, ngakho ukugonywa ngisho nangoDisemba, Januwari, noma kamuva kusaqhubeka nokukusiza ukuthi uzivikele ngesikhathi esisele sesizini yomkhuhlane.

Ngingayeka nini ukuthola imigomo yomkhuhlane yonyaka?

Abahlinzeki bezempilo abaningi batusa ukuqhubeka nokugonywa komkhuhlane wonyaka impilo yakho yonke, njengoba ingozi yezinkinga zomkhuhlane ingakhuphuka ngeminyaka. Akukho minyaka ethile okufanele uyeke ukugonywa.

Isinqumo sokuqhubeka noma ukuyeka ukugonywa komkhuhlane kufanele senziwe ngokubonisana nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo, ongacabangela isimo sakho sempilo esiphelele, isikhathi sokuphila, nezintandokazi zakho.

Ngingakwazi yini ukuthola umgomo womkhuhlane uma ngithatha ama-antibiotics?

Ukuthatha ama-antibiotics akukuvimbeli ukuthi uthole umgomo womkhuhlane, njengoba ama-antibiotics elwa nezifo ezibangelwa amagciwane kuyilapho umgomo uvikela ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane. Lokhu kwelashwa kusebenza ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ezincane.

Kodwa-ke, uma uthatha ama-antibiotics ngoba unegciwane eliphakathi nendawo kuya kolukhuni elinomkhuhlane, ngokuvamile kutuswa ukuthi ulinde uze uzizwe ungcono ngaphambi kokuba ugonywe. Lokhu kusiza ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ungaqaphela kahle phakathi kwezimpawu zokugula kanye nanoma yimaphi imiphumela engaba khona yomgomo.