Yini umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA? Izimpawu, Imiphumela Eceleni, & Okulindelekile

Umjovo we-COVID-19 mRNA uhlobo olusha lomjovo olusiza umzimba wakho ukuthi ufunde ukulwa ngegciwane le-SARS-CoV-2 elibangela i-COVID-19. Ngokungafani nemijovo yendabuko, imijovo ye-mRNA efana ne-Moderna ayiqukethe igciwane eliphilayo. Kunalokho, zinikeza amaseli akho imiyalelo yokwenza ucezu olungenangozi lwephrotheni ye-spike yegciwane, elabe lifundisa amasosha akho omzimba ukuthi aqaphele futhi alwe negciwane langempela uma wake walithola.

Uyini umjovo we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Umjovo we-COVID-19 mRNA uqukethe i-messenger RNA (mRNA) ehlanganiswe ezinhlayiyeni ezinamafutha amancane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-lipid nanoparticles. Le mRNA isebenza njengencwadi yokufundisa amaseli akho. Uma uthola umjovo ngokujova emsipheni wakho ongaphezulu wengalo, amaseli akho afunda le miyalelo futhi enze okwesikhashana amakhophi e-coronavirus spike protein.

Amasosha akho omzimba abese eqaphela le phrotheni ye-spike njengengaphandle futhi akhe ama-antibody futhi asebenzise ezinye izimpendulo zokuzivikela ukuyilwa. Le nqubo ilungiselela umzimba wakho ukuthi uqaphele futhi ulwe negciwane langempela le-SARS-CoV-2 uma uhlangana nalo kamuva. I-mRNA evela emjovweni iqhekekiswa ngokushesha ngumzimba wakho futhi ayihlali ohlelweni lwakho isikhathi eside.

Kuzizwa kanjani ukuthola umjovo we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Ukuthola umjovo we-COVID-19 mRNA kuzizwa kufana nokuthola noma yimuphi omunye umjovo we-intramuscular. Uzozwa ukugwaza okusheshayo noma ukushaya lapho inaliti ingena emsipheni wakho ongaphezulu wengalo. Umjovo ngokwawo uthatha imizuzwana embalwa nje, futhi abantu abaningi bayichaza njengengakhululekile ngaphezu komjovo womkhuhlane.

Ngemva komjovo, ungase uqaphele ukuba buhlungu okuthile noma ubuhlungu endaweni yokujova. Lokhu kujwayelekile ngokuphelele futhi kubonisa ukuthi amasosha akho omzimba ayasabela emjovweni. Indawo yokujova ingase izizwe ifudumele uma ithintwa noma ibonakale ibomvu kancane noma ivuvukele.

Yini ebangela imiphumela emibi evela emjovweni we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Imiphumela emibi evela emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA yenzeka ngoba amasosha akho omzimba enza ngqo lokho okufanele akwenze. Lapho amaseli akho eqala ukwenza iphrotheni ye-spike, amasosha akho omzimba ayayibona njengento engajwayelekile futhi aqale ukwakha ukuvikeleka kuyo.

Lokhu kusabela komzimba kungabangela ukuvuvukala kwesikhashana, okuholela emiphumeleni emibi ongase uyizwe. Nazi izizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani imiphumela emibi yenzeka:

• Amasosha akho omzimba afunda ukuqaphela iphrotheni ye-spike
• Amaseli amhlophe egazi ayavuselelwa ukudala ama-antibody
• Umzimba wakho ukhiqiza ama-molecule avuvukalisayo njengengxenye yokusabela komzimba
• Izicubu zendawo endaweni yokujova ziphendula ezingxenyeni zomgomo

Lezi zindlela zokuphendula empeleni ziyizimpawu ezinhle zokuthi umzimba wakho wakha ukuzivikela. Imiphumela emibi eminingi imnene futhi iyanyamalala ezinsukwini ezimbalwa njengoba amasosha akho omzimba eqeda ukusabela kwawo kokuqala.

Ingabe umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA uyisibonakaliso noma isibonakaliso sani?

Umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA ngokwawo awuyona isibonakaliso noma isibonakaliso sanoma yini ekhathazayo. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela emibi oyizwayo ngemuva kokugonywa yizimpawu zokuthi amasosha akho omzimba asebenza kahle futhi akha ukuvikeleka ku-COVID-19.

Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile ikhombisa ukuthi umzimba wakho usabela ngendlela efanele emgomeni. Lezi zindlela zokuphendula zikhombisa ukuthi amasosha akho omzimba afunda ukuqaphela nokulwa ne-coronavirus. Uma uzwa imiphumela emibi, ngokuvamile kusho ukuthi umgomo wenza umsebenzi wawo wokuqeqesha amasosha akho omzimba.

Ezimweni ezingavamile, abanye abantu bangase babe nokusabela komzimba okungalungile ezingxenyeni zomgomo. Lezi zindlela zokuphendula ngokuvamile zisheshe futhi zingalawulwa ngempumelelo abahlinzeki bezempilo ezindaweni zokugoma.

Ingabe imiphumela emibi evela emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA inganyamalala yodwa?

Yebo, imiphumela eminingi emibi evela emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA iyanyamalala yodwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Ukusabela komzimba wakho ekuzivikeleni kulokhu okwesikhashana, futhi njengoba kuqeda inqubo yokufunda ukulwa ngegciwane, imiphumela emibi iyazixazulula ngokwemvelo.

Imiphumela emibi emincane efana nobuhlungu engalweni, ukukhathala, noma umkhuhlane ophansi ngokuvamile ifinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu phakathi kwamahora angu-24-48 ngemuva kokugonywa bese ilulama kancane kancane. Abantu abaningi bazizwa bebuyele ngokuphelele esimweni esijwayelekile phakathi kwezinsuku ezingu-2-3 ngemuva kokuthola umgomo wabo.

Isistimu yakho yokuzivikela iyasebenza ngempela kule nqubo. Uma isifunde ukuqaphela iphrotheni ye-spike futhi yakha ama-antibody adingekayo, ukusabela okuvuvukalayo okubangela imiphumela emibi kuyancipha ngokwemvelo.

Imiphumela emibi evela emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA ingelashwa kanjani ekhaya?

Ungaphatha imiphumela eminingi emibi yomgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA ngokunethezeka ekhaya ngokunakekela okulula, okumnene. Umgomo uwukusekela umzimba wakho ngenkathi wakha ukuzivikela futhi ukusize uzizwe ukhululekile ngesikhathi senqubo.

Nazi izindlela eziphumelelayo zokunciphisa imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile:

• Sebenzisa indwangu ebandayo, emanzi endaweni yokujova imizuzu engu-15-20 ukunciphisa ukuvuvukala
• Hambisa ngobumnene noma usebenzise ingalo yakho egonyiwe ukuvimbela ukuqina
• Thatha izidambisi zentlungu ezingathengwa ngaphandle kwemithi kadokotela njenge-acetaminophen noma i-ibuprofen uma kudingeka
• Hlala unamanzi ngokwanele ngokuphuza amanzi amaningi
• Thola ukuphumula okwanele ukuze usekele amasosha akho omzimba
• Gqoka izingubo ezixekile ukuze ugweme ukucasula indawo yokujova

Lezi zinyathelo ezilula zingathuthukisa kakhulu izinga lakho lokunethezeka. Khumbula ukuthi ukuzwa imiphumela emibi kujwayelekile futhi okwesikhashana, ngakho-ke yiba nesineke ngomzimba wakho njengoba wenza lo msebenzi obalulekile.

Yini ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha kwezimo ezinzima emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha kwezimo ezinzima ezibangelwa umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA kuyatholakala futhi kuyasebenza kakhulu, nakuba lezo zimo zivame kakhulu. Abahlinzeki bezempilo bakulungele kahle ukubhekana nanoma yiziphi izimpendulo ezingase zenzeke.

Ezimweni ezinzima zokungezwani komzimba (i-anaphylaxis), ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha kufaka phakathi ukujova kwe-epinephrine, ama-antihistamines, kanye nama-corticosteroids. Yingakho izindawo zokugoma zigcina abantu ukuze babukwe imizuzu engu-15-30 ngemva kokuthola umjovo wabo. Izimo eziningi ezinzima zenzeka ngaphakathi kwalesi sikhathi futhi zingelashwa ngokushesha.

Ezinye izinkinga ezingavamile njenge-myocarditis (ukuqubuka kwenhliziyo), ukwelashwa ngokuvamile kuhilela imithi elwa nokuvuvukala kanye nokuqapha ngokucophelela. Izimo eziningi zithambile futhi ziyalulama ngokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha okufanele nokuphumula.

Abahlinzeki bezempilo banolwazi oluningi lokuphatha izimpendulo zomgomo futhi balandela izinqubo ezisunguliwe ukuze baqinisekise ukuphepha kwakho nokululama kwakho.

Kufanele ngibone nini udokotela ngemva kokuthola umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Kufanele ubone udokotela uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezibonakala zinzima ngokungavamile noma ezingathuthuki njengoba kulindelekile ngemva komgomo wakho we-COVID-19 mRNA. Nakuba imiphumela eminingi emibi ithambile futhi yesikhashana, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi nini okufanele ufune ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha.

Xhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo uma uhlangabezana nanoma yiziphi zalezi zimpawu:

• Izimpawu ezinzima zokungezwani komzimba njengobunzima bokuphefumula, ukuvuvukala kobuso noma umphimbo, noma ukuqubuka okusabalale kabanzi
• Ubuhlungu besifuba, ukuphefumula kanzima, noma ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala abasebancane
• Umkhuhlane ophezulu (ngaphezu kuka-102°F) ohlala izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezi-2-3
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu elinamandla entanyeni noma izinguquko embonweni
• Ukuvuvukala komlenze okungavamile, ubuhlungu obukhulu besisu, noma ukuphuma kwegazi okuqhubekayo
• Noma yisiphi isimpawu esikukhathazayo noma esingathuthuki ngemva kwezinsuku ezimbalwa

Thembela emizweni yakho ngomzimba wakho. Uma kukhona okuzizwa kungahambi kahle ngempela noma kuhluke emiphumeleni emibi ejwayelekile yomgomo, ngaso sonke isikhathi kungcono ukubheka nodokotela ukuze uzole.

Ziyini izici eziyingozi zokuthuthukisa imiphumela emibi evela emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Izici eziningana zingathonya amathuba akho okuba nemiphumela emibi evela emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA, nakuba kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi abantu abaningi bawamukela kahle umgomo kungakhathaliseki lezi zici.

Ungase ube maningi amathuba okuba nemiphumela emibi uma:

• Usemncane (abantu abangaphansi kweminyaka engama-65 bavame ukuba nokusabela okunamandla komzimba)
• Ungowesifazane (abesifazane bavame ukubika imiphumela emibi eminingi kunamadoda)
• Wake waba ne-COVID-19 ngaphambili (uhlelo lwakho lomzimba lokuzivikela lungase lusabele ngamandla)
• Uthola umthamo wakho wesibili (imithamo yesibili ivame ukubangela imiphumela emibi eminingi)
• Unomlando wokuphendula okunamandla kweminye imigomo
• Unezinye izimo ze-autoimmune

Lezi zici azisho ukuthi akufanele ugonywe. Zimane zikusiza wena nodokotela wakho ukuthi wazi okulindelekile futhi ulungiselele ngokufanele.

Ziyini izinkinga ezingaba khona zomgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Izinkinga ezingathi sína ezivela emgomeni we-COVID-19 mRNA zivame kakhulu, kodwa kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi ziyini ukuze ukwazi ukuzibona uma zenzeka. Iningi labantu abathola imigomo ye-mRNA lithola kuphela imiphumela emibi emincane, yesikhashana.

Izinkinga ezingavamile kodwa ezingathi sína zingabandakanya:

• Ukusabela okukhulu komzimba (i-anaphylaxis) - kwenzeka kubantu abangaba ngu-2-5 kwizigidi eziyi-1000000 zemithamo
• I-Myocarditis noma i-pericarditis (ukuqvuvuka kwenhliziyo) - kuvamile emadodeni amancane, ngokuvamile kulula
• I-Thrombosis ene-thrombocytopenia syndrome - ukuphazamiseka okungavamile kakhulu kokujiya kwegazi
• I-Guillain-Barré syndrome - isimo esingavamile semizwa esibangela ubuthakathaka bemisipha
• Ukwenzeka okukhulu ehlombe ngenxa yobuchwepheshe bokujova - akujwayelekile

Lezi zinkinga ziqashwe ngokucophelela yizinhlangano zezempilo emhlabeni wonke. Izinzuzo zokugoma zidlula lezi zingozi ezingavamile, ikakhulukazi uma kucatshangelwa izinkinga ezingathi sína i-COVID-19 ngokwayo engazibangela.

Ingabe umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA muhle noma mubi kubantu abanezimo ezingaphansi?

Umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA ngokuvamile unenzuzo enkulu kubantu abanezimo zempilo ezingaphansi, njengoba laba bantu besengozini enkulu yezinkinga ezinzima ze-COVID-19. Umgomo unikeza ukuvikelwa okubalulekile okuvame ukudlula noma yiziphi izingozi ezingaba khona.

Abantu abanezimo ezinjengesifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo, isifo sezinso, noma amasosha omzimba abuthakathaka bakhuthazwa ngokuqinile ukuba bagonywe. Umgomo ubavikele ezinkingeni ezingase zibe yingozi ekuphileni ze-COVID-19 ezingaba zinkulu kakhulu kunanoma yiziphi izifo ezingase zibe khona zomgomo.

Nokho, abantu abanezimo ezithile kufanele baxoxe ngesikhathi nokuqapha nodokotela wabo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa labo abanezifo ezisebenzayo, ukungezwani okukhulu nezinto eziqanjwe emgomeni, noma labo abathola ukwelashwa okuthile kwezokwelapha okuthinta amasosha omzimba.

Udokotela wakho angakusiza ukuthi ulinganise izinzuzo nezingozi ngokusekelwe esimweni sakho sempilo esithile futhi aqinisekise ukuthi uthola umgomo ngokuphepha.

Yini engase iphuthelwe yizifo ezingase zibe khona zomgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Imiphumela emibi yomgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA ngezinye izikhathi ingase ididaniswe nezinye izimo, okungase kubangele ukukhathazeka okungadingekile. Ukuqonda lezi zinto ezifanayo kungakusiza ukuthi uhlukanise phakathi kokusabela okujwayelekile komgomo nezinye izinkinga zempilo.

Imiphumela emibi yomgomo ivame ukudidaniswa nalokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukutheleleka nge-COVID-19 - ukukhathala, ikhanda, nobuhlungu bemisipha kuvamile kuzo zombili
• Umkhuhlane wamathambo - umkhuhlane, ubuhlungu bomzimba, nokukhathala kungase kubonakale kufana
• Ubuthi bokudla - isicanucanu nokukhathala kungase kuhambisane
• Ukucindezeleka noma ukukhathazeka - amakhanda nobuhlungu bemisipha kungaba nezimbangela eziningi
• Ezinye izifo - umkhuhlane ophansi ungase ubonise ukugula
• Ukuqina kwemisipha - ubuhlungu bengalo bungase bubonakale njengokulimala

Umehluko omkhulu yisikhathi. Imiphumela emibi yomgomo ngokuvamile iqala phakathi kwamahora kuya osukwini olulodwa ngemva kokugonywa futhi ixazululwe phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-2-3. Uma izimpawu ziqhubeka isikhathi eside noma zibonakala zingahlobene nesikhathi sakho sokugonywa, zingase zibe nenye imbangela.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nomgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA

Q1. Ingabe ukuvikeleka emgomweni we-COVID-19 mRNA kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Ukuvikeleka emgomweni we-COVID-19 mRNA ngokuvamile kuhlala izinyanga eziningana kuya ngaphezu konyaka, nakuba lokhu kuhluka ngomuntu ngamunye nezinhlobo zegciwane. Amazinga akho ama-antibody ancipha ngokwemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, yingakho imijovo yokuthuthukisa inconywa. Abantu abaningi bagcina ukuvikeleka okuhle ezifweni ezinzima izinyanga eziningi, ngisho noma ukuvikeleka ekuthelelekeni okulula kungase kunciphe ngokushesha.

Q2. Ngingathola i-COVID-19 emgomweni we-mRNA?

Cha, awukwazi ukuthola i-COVID-19 emgomweni we-mRNA. Umgomo uqukethe kuphela imiyalelo yofuzo yokwenza iphrotheni ye-spike, hhayi igciwane eliphilayo. Amaseli akho enza le ngxenye yephrotheni engenangozi okwesikhashana, futhi amasosha akho omzimba afunda ukuyibona. Ayikho indlela yokuthi umgomo ubangele ukutheleleka nge-COVID-19.

Q3. Ingabe umgomo we-COVID-19 mRNA uzothinta inzalo yami?

Cha, akukho bufakazi bokuthi imithi yokugoma ye-COVID-19 mRNA ithinta inzalo emadodeni noma emakhosikazini. Izifundo ezinkulu zikhombise ukuthi akukho mehluko emazingeni okukhulelwa noma imiphumela yenzalo phakathi kwabantu abagonyiwe nabangagonyiwe. Umuthi wokugoma awuqongeleli ezingxenyeni zokuzala noma uphazamisa ukukhiqizwa kwamahomoni.

Q4. Ngingathatha imithi yokwelapha ubuhlungu ngaphambi kokuthola umuthi wokugoma we-COVID-19 mRNA?

Ngokuvamile kungcono ukugwema ukuthatha imithi yokwelapha ubuhlungu efana ne-ibuprofen noma i-acetaminophen ngaphambi kokuthola umuthi wakho wokugoma we-COVID-19 mRNA, njengoba ingase inciphise kancane impendulo yakho yomzimba. Kodwa-ke, ungayithatha ngemuva kokugonywa uma uba nemiphumela emibi. Uma uthatha njalo le mithi ngezimo ezinye, qhubeka njengoba unqunyelwe udokotela wakho.

Q5. Usebenza kahle kangakanani umuthi wokugoma we-COVID-19 mRNA ekulweni nezinhlobo ezintsha?

Imithi yokugoma ye-COVID-19 mRNA ihlala isebenza kahle ekulweni nezifo ezinzima nokulaliswa esibhedlela ezinhlotsheni eziningi, okuhlanganisa nezintsha. Ngenkathi ukuvikeleka ekuthelelekeni okuncane kungase kuncishiswe ngezinhlobo ezithile, imithi yokugoma isanikeza ukuvikeleka okukhulu emiphumeleni emibi. Imithombo yokugoma eyenziwe ngcono ithuthukiswa ukuze iqondise izinhlobo ezintsha uma kudingeka.