Yini umgomo we-mRNA COVID-19? Izimpawu, Izimbangela, & Nokwelashwa Ekhaya

Umjovo we-mRNA COVID-19 uhlobo olusha lomgomo olufundisa amasosha akho omzimba ukuthi abone futhi alwe negciwane elibangela i-COVID-19. Esikhundleni sokuba nezinhlayiya zegciwane eziphelile noma ezifile njengemijovo yendabuko, imijovo ye-mRNA isebenzisa ucezu lwekhodi yofuzo olubizwa nge-messenger RNA ukuyala amaseli akho ukuthi enze ucezu olungenangozi lwephrotheni ye-coronavirus spike. Le nqubo isiza umzimba wakho ukuthi wakhe ukuzivikela ngaphandle kokuthi uke utheleleke ngegciwane langempela.

Uyini umgomo we-mRNA COVID-19?

Umjovo we-mRNA COVID-19 uqukethe i-messenger RNA ehlanganiswe ezinhlayiyeni ezinamafutha amancane ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-lipid nanoparticles. Uma uthola umgomo ngokujova emsipheni wakho ongaphezulu wengalo, lezi zinhlayiya ziletha imiyalelo emaseleni akho ukuthi akhiqize ucezu lwephrotheni ye-spike etholakala ebusweni be-coronavirus.

Amasosha akho omzimba abona le phrotheni ye-spike njengengaphandle futhi akha ama-antibody futhi asebenzise ezinye izimpendulo zokuzivikela ukuyilwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi uma kamuva ubhekana ne-coronavirus yangempela, amasosha akho omzimba akhumbula ukuthi angakuvikela kanjani futhi angaphendula ngokushesha ukuvimbela ukugula okukhulu.

Umjovo we-Pfizer-BioNTech ungomunye wemijovo yokuqala ye-mRNA COVID-19 eyagunyazwa ukusetshenziswa futhi inikezwe ezigidini zabantu emhlabeni wonke ngobuhle obuqinile bokuphepha.

Kuzizwa kanjani ukuthola umgomo we-mRNA COVID-19?

Ukujova kwangempela kuzizwa njengokuchofoza okusheshayo noma ukushaya engalweni yakho engenhla, okufana neminye imijovo ejwayelekile ongase ube uyitholile. Ukufakwa kwenelidi kuthatha imizuzwana embalwa kuphela, futhi abantu abaningi bachaza ukungakhululeki njengokuthambile kakhulu.

Ngemuva kokuthola umgomo, ungase uhlangabezane nemiphumela emibi njengoba amasosha akho omzimba ephendula emgomweni. Lezi zimpendulo empeleni ziyisibonakaliso esihle sokuthi umzimba wakho wakha ukuvikeleka ku-COVID-19.

Imiphumela emibi ejwayelekile ngokuvamile ivele kungakapheli amahora ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemva kokugonywa futhi ingabandakanya ubuhlungu noma ukuvuvukala endaweni yokujova, ukukhathala, ikhanda, izinhlungu zemisipha, amaqhwa, noma umkhuhlane ophansi. Lezi zimpawu ngokuvamile zizixazulula zodwa kungakapheli izinsuku ezimbalwa.

Yini ebangela imiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19?

Imiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19 yenzeka ngoba amasosha akho omzimba ayasabela emgomeni futhi afunda ukuthi angayilwa kanjani i-coronavirus. Lokhu kusabela komzimba yikho kanye umgomo oklanyelwe ukukwenza.

Nakhu okwenzekayo emzimbeni wakho okungabangela imiphumela emibi yesikhashana:

• Amaseli akho akhiqiza iphrotheni ye-spike, okuyinto amasosha akho omzimba ayibona njengengaphandle
• Amaseli amhlophe egazi agijimela endaweni yokujova, okubangela ukuvuvukala kwendawo nobuhlungu
• Umzimba wakho ukhiqiza ama-antibody futhi uvule ama-T-cells ukuze akhumbule ukuthi angayilwa kanjani igciwane
• Ama-molecule avuvukalayo abizwa ngokuthi ama-cytokine ayakhishwa, okungabangela izimpawu ezinjengomkhuhlane
• Izinga lokushisa lomzimba wakho lingase likhuphuke kancane njengengxenye yokusabela kwamasosha omzimba kwemvelo

Ama-lipid nanoparticles athwala i-mRNA nawo angaba negalelo ekusabeleni kwendawo endaweni yokujova. Lezi zinhlayiyana zenzelwe ukuba zimuncwe ngamaseli akho bese zichithwa ngokwemvelo ngumzimba wakho.

Yiziphi izimo ezingasizwa yimithamo yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19?

Imithamo yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19 isebenza kahle kakhulu ekuvikeleni ukugula okungathi sína, ukulaliswa esibhedlela, nokufa yi-COVID-19. Banikeza ukuvikeleka okuqinile emiphumeleni emibi kakhulu yokutheleleka nge-coronavirus.

Imithamo yokugoma isiza ekuvikeleni izimo eziningana ezihlobene ne-COVID-19:

• Ukugula okukhulu kwe-COVID-19 okudinga ukulaliswa esibhedlela
• I-COVID-19 umdlavuza wamaphaphu nokuhluleka kokuphefumula
• I-Long COVID noma izimo ze-post-COVID ezimweni eziningi
• Izinkinga ezihlobene ne-COVID-19 njengama-gazi
• I-Multisystem inflammatory syndrome
• Ukufa yi-COVID-19

Noma ngabe izifo ezingaqondakali zingase zenzeke, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlobo ezintsha, abantu abagonyiwe ngokuvamile baba nezimpawu ezithambile futhi balulama ngokushesha kunabantu abangagonyiwe.

Ingabe imiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugomela i-mRNA COVID-19 inganyamalala yodwa?

Yebo, iningi lemiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugomela i-mRNA COVID-19 iyanyamalala ngokuphelele yodwa ezinsukwini ezimbalwa. Impendulo yomzimba wakho yokuzivikela iyazola ngokwemvelo uma isifunde ukuqaphela nokulwa ne-coronavirus.

Abantu abaningi baqaphela ukuthi imiphumela yabo emibi iqala ukuthuthuka phakathi kwamahora angu-24-48 ngemuva kokugonywa. Ubuhlungu nokuvuvukala endaweni yokujova kuvame ukuqala ukwehla ngosuku lokuqala, ngenkathi izimpawu zesistimu njengokukhathala noma umkhuhlane ophansi ngokuvamile zixazululwa phakathi kwezinsuku ezi-2-3.

Uma uhlangabezana nemiphumela emibi ehlala isikhathi esingaphezu kwesonto noma izimpawu eziqhubeka ziba zimbi kunokuthi zithuthuke, kufanelekile ukuxhumana nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ukuze uqiniseke ukuthi konke kuqhubeka ngendlela ejwayelekile.

Imiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugomela i-mRNA COVID-19 ingelashwa kanjani ekhaya?

Ungaphatha imiphumela eminingi emibi yokugoma ngokunethezeka ekhaya ngemithi elula esiza umzimba wakho uphumule futhi ululame. Lezi zindlela zinganciphisa ukungakhululeki ngenkathi amasosha akho omzimba enza umsebenzi wawo obalulekile.

Ngobuhlungu nokuvuvukala endaweni yokujova, zama lezi zinyathelo ezithambile:

• Faka indwangu ebandayo, emanzi endaweni imizuzu engu-15-20 ngesikhathi
• Hambisa ingalo yakho nehlombe ngobumnene ukuvimbela ukuqina
• Thatha izidambisi zokuhlunguha ezingaphezu kwe-counter njenge-acetaminophen noma i-ibuprofen uma kudingeka
• Gqoka izingubo ezikhululekile ukuze ugweme ukucasula indawo yokujova

Ngezimpawu zesistimu njengokukhathala, ikhanda elibuhlungu, noma umkhuhlane ophansi, cabanga ngalezi zinketho zokunakekela ezisekelayo:

• Thola ukuphumula okuningi nokulala ukuze usekele amasosha akho omzimba
• Hlala unamanzi ngokwanele ngokuphuza amanzi, itiye le-herbal, noma ama-broths acacile
• Thatha i-acetaminophen noma i-ibuprofen ngezinhlungu nomkhuhlane uma uzizwa ukhululekile ukwenza kanjalo
• Yidla ukudla okulula, okunomsoco uma uzizwa ukwazi ukukwenza
• Gwema imisebenzi eqinile usuku noma ezimbili

Lezi zindlela zokwelapha zasekhaya zingakusiza ukuthi uzizwe ukhululekile ngenkathi umzimba wakho wakha ukuzivikela. Khumbula ukuthi ukuzwa imiphumela emibi kuvamile futhi ngokuvamile kubonisa ukuthi amasosha akho omzimba aphendula ngendlela efanele emgomeni.

Yini ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha kwezinto ezingathi sína emgomeni we-mRNA COVID-19?

Ngenkathi izinto ezingathi sína emgomeni we-mRNA COVID-19 zingavamile kakhulu, abahlinzeki bezempilo bakulungele kahle ukuzelapha uma zenzeka. Izikhungo zezokwelapha ezinikeza imigomo zihlomele ukubhekana nanoma yiziphi izinto ezenzeka ngokushesha.

Ngezinto ezingathi sína zokungezwani komzimba (i-anaphylaxis), ezenzeka ecaleni elingaphansi kwama-5 kwizigidi eziyisishumi, ukwelashwa kwezokwelapha ngokushesha kufaka phakathi ukujova kwe-epinephrine nokunakekelwa okusekelayo endaweni yezokwelapha. Yingakho ucelwa ukuthi ulinde imizuzu engu-15-30 ngemuva kokugonywa ukuze ubuke.

Ezinye izimo ezingavamile ezingadinga ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha zifaka i-myocarditis (ukuqubuka kwemisipha yenhliziyo) noma i-pericarditis (ukuqubuka okuzungeze inhliziyo), okuvame kakhulu kwabesilisa abasebancane ngemuva komthamo wesibili. Lezi zimo zivame ukuba mnene futhi ziphendula kahle emithini elwa nokuvuvukala nokuphumula.

Abahlinzeki bezempilo bangahlola futhi belaphe noma yiziphi izimpawu eziqhubekayo noma ezikhathazayo ezingathuthuki ngokunakekelwa ekhaya, baqinisekise ukuthi uthola ukusekelwa kwezokwelapha okufanele uma kudingeka.

Kufanele ngibone nini udokotela ngemuva kokuthola umgomo we-mRNA COVID-19?

Kufanele uthinte umhlinzeki wakho wezempilo uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezinzima, ezingavamile, noma ezingathuthuki njengoba bekulindelekile ngemva kokugonywa. Nakuba imiphumela eminingi emibi ingemibi futhi ingeyesikhashana, ezinye izimo zidinga ukuhlolwa kwezokwelapha.

Funani ukwelashwa ngokushesha uma uthola noma yiziphi zalezi zimpawu ezikhathazayo:

• Ukuphefumula kanzima noma ukuphefumula ngokushesha
• Ubuhlungu besifuba noma ukucindezela, ikakhulukazi emadodeni amancane
• Ukuvuvukala kobuso bakho, izindebe, ulimi, noma umphimbo
• Ukuqubuka okukhulu noma okusabalale noma imihuzuko
• Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo noma ukushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile
• Ikhanda elibuhlungu elingaphenduli ekwelashweni okuvamile

Futhi xhumana nodokotela wakho uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu ezithambile eziqhubekayo noma eziba zimbi ngaphezu kwesonto elilodwa, njengokukhathala okuqhubekayo, umkhuhlane oqhubekayo, noma ukusabela endaweni yokujova okuqhubeka nokusabalala noma okuba buhlungu kakhulu.

Thembela emizweni yakho ngomzimba wakho. Uma kukhona okuzizwa kuhluke kakhulu noma kukhathaza, kuhlale kufanele ukufuna isiqondiso sezokwelapha ukuze ube nokuthula kwengqondo nokunakekelwa okufanele.

Ziyini izici eziyingozi zokuthuthukisa imiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19?

Ezinye izici zingakwenza ukuthi uthole imiphumela emibi evela emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19, nakuba abantu abaningi beziqonda kahle lezi zigoma kungakhathaliseki izici zabo.

Ungase uthole imiphumela emibi uma:

• Usemncane, ikakhulukazi ngaphansi kweminyaka engama-55 ubudala
• Ungowesifazane, njengoba abesifazane bevame ukuba nokusabela okunamandla emzimbeni emithini yokugoma
• Uke waba ne-COVID-19 ngaphambilini, okungaholela ekusabeleni okunamandla komzimba
• Uthole umthamo wakho wesibili, njengoba ukusabela komzimba kuvamile ukuba namandla
• Unomlando wokuphendula okunamandla kweminye imithamo yokugoma
• Unezinye izimo ze-autoimmune ezithinta ukusebenza komzimba

Ukuba nezinto eziyingozi zokuba nemiphumela emibi akusho ukuthi akufanele ukugonywe. Izinzuzo zokugoma zinkulu kakhulu kunezinto eziyingozi cishe kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi imiphumela emibi ngokuvamile iyalawuleka futhi yesikhashana.

Uma unezinkathazo mayelana nezinto eziyingozi zakho, ukuxoxa ngazo nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo kungakusiza ukuthi uzizwe ulungile futhi uqiniseka ngokugoma.

Ziyini izinkinga ezingaba khona zemithi yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19?

Izinkinga ezinzima ezivela emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19 azivamile kakhulu, zenzeka engxenyeni encane kakhulu yezigidi zemithamo enikezwe emhlabeni wonke. Ukuqonda lezi zinto ezingavamile kungakusiza ukuthi wenze izinqumo ezinolwazi mayelana nokugoma.

Izinkinga ezibaluleke kakhulu kodwa ezingavamile zihlanganisa:

• Ukuphendula okukhulu komzimba (anaphylaxis) - amacala angaphansi kwangu-5 kumithamo eyizigidi
• I-Myocarditis noma i-pericarditis - amacala amaningi athambile emadodeni amancane, cishe amacala angu-12-13 kumithamo yesibili eyizigidi
• I-Thrombosis ene-thrombocytopenia syndrome - isimo esingavamile kakhulu sokujiya kwegazi
• I-Guillain-Barré syndrome - isimo esingavamile sokuzivikela komzimba esithinta imizwa
• Ukwelashwa kwehlombe okuhlobene nokuphathwa komgomo (SIRVA) - okuvela endleleni yokujova engafanele

Ngisho nalezi zinkinga ezingavamile ngokuvamile ziyelapheka futhi zixazululwe ngokunakekelwa kwezempilo okufanele. Izinhlelo zezempilo zinezimiso zokuhlonza ngokushesha nokuphatha lezi zimo uma zenzeka.

Ubungozi bezinkinga ezinzima ezivela ku-COVID-19 ngokwayo bukhulu kakhulu kunobungozi bezinkinga ezinzima zomgomo, okwenza ukugoma kube yisinqumo esiphephe kakhulu cishe kuwo wonke umuntu ofanele ukukuthola.

Ingabe imithi yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19 ilungile noma imbi kubantu abanezimo zempilo ezingaphansi?

Imigomo ye-mRNA COVID-19 ngokuvamile iyazuzisa kakhulu kubantu abanezimo zempilo ezingaphansi, njengoba laba bantu bebhekene nobungozi obukhulu bokugula okukhulu okuvela ku-COVID-19 uqobo. Imigomo inikeza ukuvikeleka okubalulekile kubantu abasengozini.

Abantu abanezimo ezinjengesifo sikashukela, isifo senhliziyo, isifo samaphaphu, isifo sezinso, noma amasistimu omzimba awohlakele abekwa kuqala ekugonyweni ngoba bazuza kakhulu ekuvikelweni okunikezwa yile migomo.

Kodwa-ke, abantu abanezimo ezithile bangase badinge ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile. Abantu abanokucindezelwa okukhulu kwamasistimu omzimba kungenzeka bangasabela ngokuqinile emigomweni futhi bangase badinge imithamo eyengeziwe noma isikhathi esihlukile. Labo abanomlando wokungezwani komzimba okukhulu bangase badinge izinyathelo zokuphepha ezengeziwe ngesikhathi sokugonywa.

Uma unezimo zempilo ezingaphansi, ukusebenza nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ukuthola indlela engcono kakhulu yokugoma isimo sakho esithile kuqinisekisa ukuthi uthola ukuvikeleka okungcono kakhulu ngenkathi unciphisa noma yiziphi izingozi.

Yini okungase kuthathwe njengokuthi imiphumela emibi emgomeni we-mRNA COVID-19?

Imiphumela emibi yomgomo ngezinye izikhathi ingadidaniswa nezinye izimo, ikakhulukazi njengoba ingase ibonakale ifana nezifo ezivamile. Ukuqonda lokhu kufana kungakusiza ukuthi uhlukanise phakathi kwemiphumela ejwayelekile yomgomo nezinye izinkinga zempilo.

Imiphumela emibi yomgomo ivame ukudidaniswa nalokhu:

• Izimpawu ezivamile zomkhuhlane noma umkhuhlane, nakuba imiphumela yomgomo ngokuvamile ixazululwa ngokushesha
• Ubuthi bokudla noma izimbungulu zesisu, uma uhlangabezana nesicanucanu noma ukuphazamiseka kokugaya
• Ukulimala kwemisipha noma ukulimala endaweni yokujova
• Ukucindezeleka noma ukukhathazeka, okungabangela izimpawu ezifanayo zomzimba
• Ukungezwani komzimba kwesizini, ikakhulukazi uma uhlangabezana nezimpawu zokuphefumula ezilula
• Ukutheleleka nge-COVID-19 ngokwayo, nakuba imiphumela yomgomo ngokuvamile inesikhathi esicacile

Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi isikhathi esingakanani nokuthi kuthatha isikhathi esingakanani. Imiphumela emibi yemithi yokugoma ngokuvamile iqala phakathi kwamahora ambalwa kuya ezinsukwini ezimbili ngemuva kokugonywa futhi iyaphela ezinsukwini ezimbalwa, kuyilapho ezinye izifo zingase zibe namaphethini ahlukene okuqala nokuphola.

Uma ungaqiniseki ukuthi izimpawu zakho zihlobene yini nomuthi wokugoma noma enye into, ukubonisana nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo kungasiza ukucacisa imbangela futhi kuqinisekise ukuthi uthola ukunakekelwa okufanele.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nemithi yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19

Ingabe ukuzivikela emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19 kuhlala isikhathi esingakanani?

Ukuvikeleka emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19 kuhlala kuqinile okungenani izinyanga eziyisithupha ngemuva kokuqeda uchungechunge lokuqala, ngocwaningo oluthile olusikisela ukuzivikela okuhlala isikhathi eside. Kodwa-ke, amazinga e-antibody ancipha ngokwemvelo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi izinhlobo ezintsha zegciwane zingase zithinte ukusebenza kahle komuthi wokugoma.

Yingakho imijovo eyengeziwe inconywa ukugcina ukuvikeleka okuhle kakhulu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala kanye nabantu abanezinhlelo zokuzivikela ezithintekile ezingase zingagcini ukuzivikela isikhathi eside njengabantu abasebancane, abanempilo.

Ngingakwazi yini ukuthola i-COVID-19 emuthini wokugoma we-mRNA uqobo?

Cha, akunakwenzeka ukuthola i-COVID-19 emithini yokugoma ye-mRNA ngoba ayiqukethe noma iyiphi igciwane eliphilayo. Imithi yokugoma imane nje iqondise amaseli akho ukuthi enze ucezu oluncane lwephrotheni ye-spike, hhayi igciwane eliphelele elibangela ukutheleleka.

Uma uthola i-COVID-19 ngemuva nje kokugonywa, cishe wavezwa igciwane ngaphambi kokuba uhlelo lwakho lokuzivikela lube nesikhathi sokwakha ukuvikeleka, okuthatha cishe amasonto amabili ngemuva komthamo wakho wokugcina.

Ingabe imithi yokugoma ye-mRNA iyawuthinta umkhiqizo noma ukukhulelwa?

Ucwaningo olunzulu lubonisa ukuthi imithi yokugoma ye-mRNA COVID-19 ayiwuthinti umkhiqizo emadodeni noma emakhosikazini. Imithi yokugoma iphephile futhi ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa nokuncelisa, nabantu abakhulelwe empeleni bedlulisela ama-antibody okuvikela ezinganeni zabo.

Izinhlangano ezinkulu zezokwelapha zincoma ukugonywa kwe-COVID-19 kubantu abakhulelwe, abazama ukukhulelwa, noma abancelisa ngoba izingozi ze-COVID-19 ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa ziphakeme kakhulu kunezinkingo ezivela emgomeni.

Imijovo ye-mRNA iqhathaniswa kanjani nemijovo yendabuko ngokwemibandela yokuphepha?

Imijovo ye-mRNA inamaphrofayili okuphepha afana nemijovo yendabuko, ngemiphumela eminingi engemihle ibe mncane futhi yesikhashana. Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi imijovo ye-mRNA isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, kodwa izivivinyo eziningi zomtholampilo kanye nedatha yomhlaba wangempela evela ezigidini zemithamo ziqinisekisa ukuphepha kwayo.

Zombili izinhlobo zemijovo zihlolwa ngokuqinile futhi ziqashwe, futhi zombili zingabangela imiphumela engemihle efanayo njengoba amasosha akho omzimba esabela ukwakha ukuvikeleka ezifweni.

Ngingabe ngithathe imithi yokwelapha ubuhlungu ngaphambi kokugonywa ukuvimbela imiphumela engemihle?

Ngokuvamile akunconywa ukuthatha imithi yokwelapha ubuhlungu ngaphambi kokugonywa ngoba kungase kuphazamise ukusabela komzimba wakho emgomeni. Kodwa-ke, ukuthatha izidambisi zokwelapha ubuhlungu ngemuva kokugonywa ukuphatha imiphumela engemihle kulungile ngokuphelele futhi ngeke kuthinte ukusebenza komgomo.

Uma uthatha imithi njalo ngezimo ezingapheli, qhubeka nokuyithatha njengoba kunqunyiwe. Xoxa nganoma yikuphi ukukhathazeka mayelana nesikhathi sokuthatha imithi nomhlinzeki wakho wezempilo ngaphambi kokuqokwa kwakho kokugoma.