Yini Ukumpontshwa Kwegazi? Inhloso, Inqubo & Imiphumela

Ukumpontshwa kwegazi kuyinqubo yezokwelapha lapho wamukela khona igazi elinikelwe noma izingxenye zegazi ngomugqa we-intravenous (IV). Cabanga ngakho njengokunika umzimba wakho izingxenye ezithile zegazi elizidingayo lapho lingakwazi ukuzenza ngokwalo noma selilahlekelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokulimala noma ukugula.

Le nqubo ephephile, ejwayelekile isize izigidi zabantu ukuthi zithole ukwelulama emisebenzini yokuhlinzwa, ezingozini, nasezifweni zezokwelapha. Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lihambisana ngokucophelela negazi elinikelwe ohlotsheni lwakho lwegazi, okwenza ukumpontshwa kuphephe kakhulu uma kwenziwa ezindaweni zezokwelapha.

Yini ukumpontshwa kwegazi?

Ukumpontshwa kwegazi kuhilela ukuthola igazi noma imikhiqizo yegazi evela kumnikeli ngemithambo yakho nge-tube encane ebizwa nge-IV catheter. Le nqubo ithatha indawo yegazi olilahlekile noma inikeze izingxenye zegazi umzimba wakho ongazikhiqizi ngokwanele.

Ungase uthole igazi lonke, eliqukethe zonke izingxenye zegazi, noma izingxenye ezithile njengamaseli abomvu egazi, i-plasma, noma ama-platelet. Udokotela wakho unquma kahle ukuthi yini oyidingayo ngokusekelwe esimweni sakho esithile nemiphumela yokuhlolwa.

Ukugcinwa kwegazi lanamuhla kuqinisekisa ukuthi igazi elinikelwe lidlula ekuhlolweni nasekuhlolweni okukhulu. Lokhu kwenza ukumpontshwa kuphephe kakhulu kunalokho okwakunjalo emashumini eminyaka edlule, nezinkinga ezingathi sína zivame kakhulu.

Kungani ukumpontshwa kwegazi kwenziwa?

Ukumpontshwa kwegazi kusiza ukubuyisela lokho umzimba wakho olahlekelwe yikho noma ongakwazi ukukukhiqiza ngokwawo. Udokotela wakho angase ancome le nqubo lapho amazinga egazi lakho ehla kakhulu ukuthi angasekeli imisebenzi ejwayelekile yomzimba wakho.

Izimo eziningana zezokwelapha zivame ukudinga ukumpontshwa. Ake ngikuhambise ngezizathu eziyinhloko odokotela abancoma ngazo lokhu kwelashwa:

• Ukulahlekelwa igazi okukhulu: Ngemva kwezingozi, ukuhlinzwa, noma ukuphuma kwegazi kwangaphakathi okubangela ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwevolumu yegazi
• Izimo ze-Anemia: Uma umzimba wakho ungakhiqizi amaseli abomvu egazi anempilo ngokwanele noma uwabhubhisa ngokushesha kakhulu
• Ukwelashwa komdlavuza: I-Chemotherapy inganciphisa ikhono lomzimba wakho lokukhiqiza amaseli egazi
• Izifo zegazi: Izimo ezinjengokugula kwe-sickle cell noma i-thalassemia ezithinta ukukhiqizwa kwamaseli egazi
• Izinkinga zokuqina kwegazi: Uma igazi lakho lingaqini kahle ngenxa yokwehla kwama-platelet
• Isifo sesibindi: Izimo zesibindi ezithuthukile zingathinta ukukhiqizwa kwamaprotheni egazi

Ezinye izimo ezingavamile nazo zidinga ukumpontshwa kwegazi, okuhlanganisa izifo ezithile ze-autoimmune lapho amasosha akho omzimba ehlasela amaseli akho egazi. Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lihlolisisa isimo sakho esithile ukuze linqume ukuthi ukumpontshwa kwegazi kunikeza yini indlela engcono kakhulu.

Yini inqubo yokumpontshwa kwegazi?

Inqubo yokumpontshwa kwegazi iqala kahle ngaphambi kokuthi uthole imikhiqizo yegazi. Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lithatha izinyathelo eziningi eziqaphelayo ukuze liqinisekise ukuphepha kwakho nempumelelo yenqubo.

Okokuqala, udokotela wakho u-oda ukuhlolwa kwegazi ukuze anqume uhlobo lwakho lwegazi oluqondile futhi ahlolisise noma yimaphi ama-antibody. Le nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi "uhlobo nokuhlolwa," iqinisekisa ukuthi igazi elinikelwe lizovumelana nelakho.

Nakhu okwenzekayo ngesikhathi senqubo yokumpontshwa kwegazi:

1. Ukufakwa komugqa we-IV: Umhlengikazi ufaka ishubhu elincane emthanjeni engalweni yakho noma esandleni sakho
2. Ukuqapha okuyisisekelo: Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lihlole izimpawu zakho ezibalulekile ezihlanganisa umfutho wegazi, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, kanye nezinga lokushisa
3. Ukuqinisekiswa kwegazi: Abahlinzeki bezempilo ababili baqinisekisa ubunikazi bakho futhi baqinisekise ukuthi iyunithi legazi lihambisana nolwazi lwakho
4. Ukuqala kancane: Ukumpontshelwa kwegazi kuqala kancane ngenkathi abasebenzi bekuqapha eduze nganoma yiziphi izimo eziphuthumayo
5. Ukuqapha okuqhubekayo: Kuyo yonke inqubo, umhlengikazi wakho uhlola isimo sakho njalo
6. Ukuqeda: Ngemuva kokuthi igazi liqede ukugeleza, umugqa we-IV uyasuswa futhi indawo yokujova iboshwa

Inqubo yonke ngokuvamile ithatha ihora elilodwa kuya kwamane, kuye ngokuthi ungakanani igazi olidingayo. Abantu abaningi bazizwa bekhululekile ngesikhathi sokumpontshelwa kwegazi futhi bangakwazi ukufunda, ukubuka i-TV, noma ukuphumula ngenkathi bethola ukwelashwa.

Ungalungiselela kanjani ukumpontshelwa kwegazi lakho?

Ukulungiselela ukumpontshelwa kwegazi kuhilela zombili izinyathelo ezingokoqobo nokuqonda okukulindele. Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lizokuqondisa kukho konke, kodwa ukwazi okuseqhulwini kungakusiza ukuthi uzizwe uqiniseka ngokwengeziwe.

Udkt wakho uzokuqala achaze ukuthi kungani udinga ukumpontshelwa kwegazi futhi axoxe nganoma yiziphi izinto ongase ukhathazeke ngazo. Bazobuye babuyekeze umlando wakho wezokwelapha kanye nemithi yamanje ukuze baqinisekise ukuthi konke kuhamba kahle.

Nazi izinyathelo ezibalulekile zokulungiselela ongazilindela:

• Ukwenziwa kwezivivinyo zohlobo lwegazi: Umsebenzi waselabhorethri wokuthola uhlobo lwegazi lakho nokuhlola ama-antibody
• Inqubo yokuvuma: Ukuxoxisana ngezinzuzo, izingozi, nezinye izindlela ngaphambi kokusayina amafomu okuvuma
• Ukubuyekezwa kwemithi: Ukwazisa udokotela wakho ngayo yonke imithi, izithasiselo, kanye nemithi yezitshalo
• Ukudla nokuphuza: Ngokuvamile akukho mingcele, nakuba udokotela wakho angase anikeze imiyalelo ethile
• Izingubo ezikhululekile: Ukugqoka imikhono evulekile engagqokwa kalula ukuze kufinyelelwe ku-IV
• Umuntu ozokusekela: Ukuletha umngane noma ilungu lomndeni uma ufisa

Abantu abaningi abadingi ukwenza izinguquko ezinkulu zokuphila ngaphambi kokumpontshelwa igazi. Nokho, yazisa ithimba lakho lezokwelapha uma uke waba nokusabela ngaphambilini ekumpontshelweni igazi noma uma unokukhathazeka okungokwenkolo noma okomuntu siqu mayelana nokuthola imikhiqizo yegazi.

Ungawafunda kanjani imiphumela yakho yokumpontshelwa igazi?

Ukuqonda imiphumela yakho yokumpontshelwa igazi kuhilela ukubheka izilinganiso eziningana ezibalulekile ezibonisa ukuthi umzimba wakho usabele kahle kangakanani ekwelashweni. Udokotela wakho uzochaza lezi zinombolo ngokuya ngesimo sakho esithile.

Izilinganiso ezibaluleke kakhulu zihlanganisa izinga lakho le-hemoglobin, elithwala umoya-mpilo emzimbeni wakho wonke, kanye ne-hematocrit yakho, ekhombisa iphesenti lamaseli abomvu egazi egazini lakho. Lezi zinombolo zisiza ukunquma ukuthi ukumpontshelwa igazi kufeze yini imigomo yayo ehlosiwe.

Nakhu okubhekwa ithimba lakho lezokwelapha ngemva kokumpontshelwa igazi:

• Amazinga e-hemoglobin: Kufanele enyuke cishe ngama-1-2 amagremu nge-deciliter ngayinye yeyunithi yamaseli abomvu egazi afakelwe
• Ipersenti ye-Hematocrit: Ngokuvamile inyuka ngama-3-4% ngeyunithi ngayinye yamaseli abomvu egazi atholiwe
• Inani lama-platelet: Uma uthole ama-platelet, inani lakho kufanele lenyuke kungakapheli amahora
• Izimpawu ezibalulekile: Umfutho wegazi, izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo, kanye namazinga omoya-mpilo kufanele ahlale ezinzile
• Ukuthuthukiswa kwezimpawu: Ukukhathala okuncane, ukuphefumula okungcono, noma ukopha okuncishisiwe kuye ngesimo sakho

Udokotela wakho uzoqhathanisa lezi zinto nemingcele yakho yangaphambi kokufakelwa ukuze ahlulele ukuthi umzimba wakho wamukele futhi wawasebenzisa kahle kangakanani igazi elinikelwe. Ngezikhathi ezithile ukufakelwa okwengeziwe kuyadingeka ukuze kufinyelelwe amazinga okuhlosiwe.

Ungawagcina kanjani amazinga egazi anempilo ngemva kokufakelwa?

Ukugcina amazinga egazi anempilo ngemva kokufakelwa kwakho kuhilela ukusekela ukukhiqizwa kwegazi komzimba wakho wemvelo nokulandela izincomo zikadokotela wakho. Umgomo uwukusiza umzimba wakho ukuthi ugcine ukuthuthuka okutholwe ekufakelweni.

Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lizokwenza uhlelo olwenzelwe wena ngokusekelwe kulokho okubangele ukuthi udinge ukufakelwa ekuqaleni. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise ukwelapha izimo ezingaphansi, ukulungisa imithi, noma ukwenza izinguquko zendlela yokuphila.

Nansi isu elivamile lokusekela amazinga egazi anempilo:

• Ukudla okunensimbi: Faka inyama engenamafutha, imifino eluhlaza, ubhontshisi, kanye nokusanhlamvu okuqinisiwe ekudleni kwakho
• Izithasiselo zamavithamini: Thatha izithasiselo zensimbi, i-vitamin B12, noma i-folate njengoba kunqunyiwe
• Ukuqapha njalo: Iya ekuqokweni okulandelayo ukuze uthole ukuhlolwa kwegazi nokuhlolwa kwempilo
• Ukuthobela imithi: Thatha noma yimiphi imithi enqunyiwe ngqo njengoba uqondisiwe
• Ukuphumula okwanele: Lala ngokwanele ukuze usekele ukwelashwa komzimba wakho nokukhiqizwa kwegazi
• Ukugcinwa kwamanzi emzimbeni: Phuza amanzi amaningi ukuze usekele ivolumu yegazi elinempilo

Abanye abantu badinga ukuphathwa kwezokwelapha okuqhubekayo ngezimo ezinjengesifo sezinso esingamahlalakhona noma izifo zegazi. Udokotela wakho uzosebenza nawe ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwesikhathi eside olugcina impilo yakho futhi linciphise isidingo sokumpontshelwa igazi esikhathini esizayo.

Ziyini izici eziyingozi zokudinga ukumpontshelwa igazi?

Izici eziningana zingakhuphula amathuba akho okudinga ukumpontshelwa igazi empilweni yakho yonke. Ukuqonda lezi zici eziyingozi kukusiza wena nethimba lakho lezokwelapha ukuthi nilungiselele izimo ezingaba khona lapho ukumpontshelwa igazi kungase kudingeke khona.

Ezinye izici eziyingozi ungazithonya ngokukhetha indlela yokuphila, kanti ezinye zihlobene nezimo zezokwelapha noma izici zofuzo ezingaphandle kokulawula kwakho. Ukuqaphela lezi zici kuvumela ukuhlelwa kwempilo okungcono nokuqapha.

Izici eziyingozi ezivamile ezingaholela ezidingweni zokumpontshelwa igazi zihlanganisa:

• Izimo zezokwelapha ezingamahlalakhona: Isifo sezinso, umdlavuza, noma izifo ze-autoimmune ezithinta ukukhiqizwa kwegazi
• Izinqubo zokuhlinzwa: Ukuhlinzwa okukhulu, ikakhulu okubandakanya inhliziyo, isibindi, noma imithambo emikhulu yegazi
• Izifo zegazi: Izimo ezizuzwe njengefa njengesifo se-sickle cell, i-thalassemia, noma i-hemophilia
• Izinkinga zokukhulelwa: Ukuphuma kwegazi okukhulu ngesikhathi sokubeletha noma izimo ezihlobene nokukhulelwa
• Imiphumela yemithi: I-chemotherapy, izinciphisi zegazi, noma eminye imithi ethinta ukukhiqizwa kwegazi
• Ubungozi bokulimala: Imisebenzi noma imisebenzi enezingozi eziphakeme zengozi

Izinto ezingavamile kodwa ezibalulekile eziyingozi zihlanganisa izimo ezingavamile zofuzo ezithinta ukujiya kwegazi, izifo ezithile ezibhubhisa amaseli egazi, nokuntuleka okukhulu kokudla okunomsoco. Udokotela wakho angasiza ekuhloliseni iphrofayili yakho yengozi yomuntu ngamunye futhi ancome ukuqapha okufanele.

Ziyini izinkinga ezingase zibe khona zokumpontshelwa igazi?

Ngenkathi ukumpontshelwa igazi kuvamile ukuthi kuphephe kakhulu, njenganoma iyiphi inqubo yezokwelapha, kungaba nezinkinga. Ukuqonda lezi zinkinga ezingaba khona kukusiza ukuthi ubone izimpawu zokuxwayisa futhi ufune ukunakekelwa okufanele uma kudingeka.

Izinkinga eziningi zokumpontshelwa igazi zithambile futhi zesikhashana, zixazululwa ngokushesha ngemithi efanele. Izinkinga ezinzima azivamile, zenzeka ngaphansi kuka-1% wokumpontshelwa igazi, ngenxa yemithetho yesimanje yokuphepha nezindlela zokuhlola igazi.

Nawa amathuba okuba nezinkinga okufanele uwaqaphele:

• Ukuphendula komzimba: Ukuqubuka kwesikhumba okuncane, ukuluma, noma ama-hives avame ukuphendula kahle kuma-antihistamines
• Ukuphendula komkhuhlane: Ukukhuphuka okwesikhashana kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi noma ngemva kokumpontshelwa igazi
• Ukugcwala kwamanzi: Ukuthola igazi ngokushesha kakhulu, okubangela ubunzima bokuphefumula noma ukuvuvukala
• Ukuphendula kwe-hemolytic: Ukuphendula okungavamile kodwa okungathi sína lapho izinhlobo zegazi zingahambisani
• Ukudluliselwa kokutheleleka: Akuvamile kakhulu ngenxa yokuhlolwa okukhulu kwegazi nokuhlolwa
• Ukugcwala kwensimbi: Ukukhathazeka okungaba khona ngokumpontshelwa igazi okuningi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi

Izinkinga ezingavamile kakhulu zihlanganisa ukusabela okukhulu komzimba, ukulimala kwamaphaphu, noma ukudluliselwa kwezifo ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwamanje akukutholi. Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha likuqapha eduze ngesikhathi nangemva kokumpontshelwa igazi ukuze likhombe ngokushesha futhi liphathe noma yiziphi izinkinga ezingase zivele.

Kufanele ngibone nini udokotela ngemva kokumpontshelwa igazi?

Ukwazi ukuthi ungaxhumana nini nodokotela wakho ngemva kokumpontshelwa igazi kusiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi noma yiziphi izinkinga zibanjwa ekuqaleni futhi ziphathwe ngokushesha. Abantu abaningi bazizwa bekhululekile ngemva kokumpontshelwa igazi, kodwa ukuhlala uqaphile ezingeni lakho kubalulekile.

Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha lizohlinzeka ngemiyalelo ethile mayelana nokunakekelwa okulandelayo nezimpawu zokuxwayisa okufanele ziqashelwe. Lezi ziqondiso zenzelwe isimo sakho ngasinye nesizathu sokuthi udinga ukumpontshelwa igazi.

Xhumana nodokotela wakho noma funa ukwelashwa ngokushesha uma uhlangabezana:

• Umkhuhlane noma amaqhafu: Izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-100.4°F (38°C) noma ukuthuthumela okuqhubekayo
• Izinkinga zokuphefumula: Ukuphefumula kanzima, ubuhlungu besifuba, noma ubunzima bokuphefumula
• Ukusabela okukhulu: Ukuqubuka okusabalalele, ukuvuvukala, noma izimpawu zokungezwani komzimba
• Ukuphuma kwegazi okungavamile: Ukopha ngamakhala, ukulimala, noma ukuphuma kwegazi okungami
• Izinkinga zokujikeleza kwegazi: Ukushaya kwenhliziyo okusheshayo, isiyezi, noma ukuzizwa udidekile
• Izimpawu zokutheleleka: Ububomvu, ukuvuvukala, noma ukukhipha emthonjeni we-IV

Xhumana futhi uma uqaphela izimpawu ezibuyayo ukuthi ukumpontshelwa kwegazi kwakuhloselwe ukuzelapha, njengokukhathala okukhulu, isikhumba esiphaphathekile, noma ubuthakathaka. Lokhu kungabonisa ukuthi udinga ukwelashwa okwengeziwe noma ukuqashwa.

Imibuzo evame ukubuzwa mayelana nokumpontshelwa kwegazi

Q1: Ingabe ukumpontshelwa kwegazi kuphephile kubantu abanezifo zenhliziyo?

Ukumpontshelwa kwegazi kungaba kuphephile kubantu abanezifo zenhliziyo, kodwa kudinga ukuqashwa okwengeziwe nokuphathwa ngokucophelela. Udokotela wakho wenhliziyo nethimba lokumpontshelwa kwegazi basebenzisana ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inhliziyo yakho ingakwazi ukubhekana nevolumu yegazi eyengeziwe.

Abantu abanezifo zenhliziyo bangase bathole igazi kancane kunokujwayelekile ukuvimbela ukulayishwa kwamanzi ngokweqile, okungase kuqede amandla enhliziyo. Ithimba lakho lezokwelapha liqapha ukusebenza kwenhliziyo yakho ngokuqinile ngesikhathi senqubo futhi lingase lisebenzise imithi ukusiza inhliziyo yakho iphathe uketshezi olwengeziwe uma kudingeka.

Q2: Ingabe i-hemoglobin ephansi ngaso sonke isikhathi idinga ukumpontshelwa kwegazi?

I-hemoglobin ephansi ayidingi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukumpontshelwa kwegazi. Udokotela wakho ucabangela izici eziningi ngaphezu nje kwenombolo ye-hemoglobin, okuhlanganisa izimpawu zakho, impilo yonke, kanye nembangela eyisisekelo yamazinga aphansi.

Abantu abaningi abane-anemia elula kuya kwesilinganisela bangelashwa ngamaphilisi ensimbi, izinguquko ekudleni, noma imithi ekhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwegazi. Ukumpontshelwa igazi kuvame ukugcinelwa amacala abucayi noma uma ezinye izindlela zokwelapha zingasebenzi ngokushesha okwanele.

Q3: Nginganikela ngegazi ngemva kokuthola ukumpontshelwa igazi?

Ngokuvamile unganikela ngegazi ngemva kokuthola ukumpontshelwa igazi, kodwa kuzodingeka ulinde isikhathi esithile. Emazweni amaningi, kufanele ulinde okungenani izinyanga eziyi-12 ngemva kokuthola ukumpontshelwa igazi ngaphambi kokuthi unikele.

Lesi sikhathi sokulinda sisiza ekuqinisekiseni ukuphepha kokunikezwa kwegazi futhi sinike umzimba wakho isikhathi sokucubungula ngokugcwele igazi elipontshelwe. Isikhungo sakho sendawo sokunikela ngegazi singanikeza imihlahlandlela ethile ngokusekelwe esimweni sakho nendawo ohlala kuyo.

Q4: Zikhona ezinye izindlela zokumpontshelwa igazi?

Ziningi ezinye izindlela zokumpontshelwa igazi ezikhona, kuye ngesimo sakho esithile nezidingo zezokwelapha. Lezi zinketho zingasetshenziswa zodwa noma zihlangene nokumpontshelwa igazi ukunciphisa inani legazi elinikelwe elidingekayo.

Ezinye izindlela zihlanganisa imithi ekhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwegazi emzimbeni wakho, izithasiselo zensimbi ze-anemia, izithako zegazi eziyisynthetic ezigxilile ocwaningweni, kanye nezindlela zokuhlinza ezinciphisa ukulahleka kwegazi. Udokotela wakho angaxoxa ngokuthi yiziphi ezinye izindlela ezingase zifanele isimo sakho.

Q5: Zihlala isikhathi esingakanani amaseli egazi ampontshelwe emzimbeni wami?

Amaseli abomvu egazi ampontshelwe ngokuvamile ahlala cishe izinsuku eziyi-100 kuya kweziyi-120 emzimbeni wakho, okufana namaseli akho abomvu egazi. Kodwa-ke, amanye amaseli ampontshelwe kungenzeka ukuthi agcinwe amasonto ambalwa, ngakho-ke impilo yawo esele iyahlukahluka.

Ama-platelet avela ekumpontshelweni ahlala isikhathi esincane, ngokuvamile izinsuku eziyi-7 kuya kweziyi-10, kuyilapho izingxenye ze-plasma zisetshenziswa umzimba wakho phakathi kwamahora kuya ezinsukwini. Umzimba wakho uqhubeka kancane kancane ukufaka esikhundleni segazi elipontshelwe ngamaseli egazi awo akhiqizwe kabusha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.